Abstract
X-ray spectra of galaxy clusters are dominated by the thermal emission from the hot intracluster medium. In some cases, besides the thermal component, spectral models require additional components associated, e.g., with resonant scattering and charge exchange. The latter produces mostly underluminous fine spectral features. Detection of the extra components therefore requires high spectral resolution. The upcoming X-ray missions will provide such high resolution, and will allow spectroscopic diagnostics of clusters beyond the current simple thermal modeling. A representative science case is resonant scattering, which produces spectral distortions of the emission lines from the dominant thermal component. Accounting for the resonant scattering is essential for accurate abundance and gas motion measurements of the ICM. The high resolution spectroscopy might also reveal/corroborate a number of new spectral components, including the excitation by non-thermal electrons, the deviation from ionization equilibrium, and charge exchange from surface of cold gas clouds in clusters. Apart from detecting new features, future high resolution spectroscopy will also enable a much better measurement of the thermal component. Accurate atomic database and appropriate modeling of the thermal spectrum are therefore needed for interpreting the data.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
For transitions with non-zero Rayleigh component.
Here we assume that \({V}_{\mathrm{ion}}\ll c\).
When the line is approximated with a Gaussian.
References
F.A. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu, F. Akimoto et al., Astrophys. J. 837, L15 (2017)
J. Ahoranta, A. Finoguenov, C. Pinto, J. Sanders, J. Kaastra, J. de Plaa, A. Fabian, Astron. Astrophys. 592, A145 (2016)
T. Akahori, K. Yoshikawa, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 62, 335 (2010)
F. Akimoto, A. Furuzawa, Y. Tawara, K. Yamashita, Astron. Nachr. 320, 283 (1999)
F. Akimoto, A. Furuzawa, Y. Tawara, K. Yamashita, Adv. Space Res. 25, 603 (2000)
S. Bernitt, G.V. Brown, J.K. Rudolph et al., Nature 492, 225 (2012)
H. Böhringer et al., Astron. Astrophys. 365, L181 (2001)
A. Boyarsky, O. Ruchayskiy, D. Iakubovskyi, J. Franse, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 251301 (2014)
G. Branduardi-Raymont, A. Bhardwaj, R.F. Elsner et al., Astron. Astrophys. 463, 761 (2007)
E. Bulbul, M. Markevitch, A. Foster et al., Astrophys. J. 789, 13 (2014)
D.A. Buote, C.R. Canizares, A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 310, 483 (1999)
S. Chandrasekhar, Radiative Transfer (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950)
E. Churazov, W. Forman, C. Jones, R. Sunyaev, H. Böhringer, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 347, 29 (2004)
E. Churazov, I. Zhuravleva, S. Sazonov, R. Sunyaev, Space Sci. Rev. 157, 193 (2010)
C.J. Conselice, J.S. Gallagher III, R.F.G. Wyse, Astron. J. 122, 2281 (2001)
T.E. Cravens, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 105 (1997)
R.S. Cumbee, D.B. Henley, P.C. Stancil et al., Astrophys. J. 787, L31 (2014)
R.S. Cumbee, L. Liu, D. Lyons et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 3554 (2016)
R.S. Cumbee, P.D. Mullen, D. Lyons et al., Astrophys. J. 852, 7 (2018)
J. de Plaa, I. Zhuravleva, N. Werner, J.S. Kaastra, E. Churazov, R.K. Smith, A.J.J. Raassen, Y.G. Grange, Astron. Astrophys. 539, A34 (2012)
G. Del Zanna, Astron. Astrophys. 536, A59 (2011)
K. Dennerl, C.M. Lisse, A. Bhardwaj et al., Astron. Astrophys. 451, 709 (2006)
R.A. Dupke, K.A. Arnaud, Astrophys. J. 548, 141 (2001)
H. Ezawa et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 53, 595 (2001)
A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, R.J.R. Williams et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 417, 172 (2011)
A.R. Foster, L. Ji, R.K. Smith, N.S. Brickhouse, Astrophys. J. 756, 128 (2012)
Y. Fujita, K. Hayashida, M. Nagai et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 60, 1133 (2008)
A.H. Gabriel, K.J.H. Phillips, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 189, 319 (1979)
F. Gastaldello, S. Molendi, Astrophys. J. 600, 670 (2004)
M.R. Gilfanov, R.A. Sunyaev, E.M. Churazov, Sov. Astron. Lett. 13, 3 (1987)
M.F. Gu, Astrophys. J. 582, 1241 (2003)
M.F. Gu, P. Beiersdorfer, G.V. Brown et al., Can. J. Phys. 90, 351 (2012)
L. Gu, J. Kaastra, A.J.J. Raassen et al., Astron. Astrophys. 584, L11 (2015)
L. Gu, J. Kaastra, A.J.J. Raassen, Astron. Astrophys. 588, A52 (2016a)
L. Gu, J. Mao, E. Costantini, J. Kaastra, Astron. Astrophys. 594, A78 (2016b)
L. Gu, J. Mao, J. de Plaa et al., Astron. Astrophys. 611, A26 (2018)
M. Hahn, D.W. Savin, Astrophys. J. 809, 178 (2015)
D.R. Hamilton, Astrophys. J. 106, 457 (1947)
N. Hell, G.V. Brown, J. Wilms et al., in IAU Focus Meeting, vol. 29 (2016), p. 295
(Hitomi Collaboration), F. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu et al., Nature 535, 117 (2016)
(Hitomi Collaboration), F. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu et al., Nature 551, 478 (2017)
(Hitomi Collaboration), F. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 10 (2018a)
(Hitomi Collaboration), F. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 11 (2018b)
(Hitomi Collaboration), F. Aharonian, H. Akamatsu et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 70, 12 (2018c)
S. Inoue, K. Hayashida, S. Ueda et al., Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 68, S23 (2016)
J.S. Kaastra, R. Mewe, H. Nieuwenhuijzen, in UV and X-ray Spectroscopy of Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas (1996), p. 411
J.S. Kaastra, R. Lieu, J.P.D. Mittaz, J.A.M. Bleeker, R. Mewe, S. Colafrancesco, F.J. Lockman, Astrophys. J. 519, L119 (1999)
J.S. Kaastra, A.M. Bykov, N. Werner, Astron. Astrophys. 503, 373 (2009)
S.M. Kahn et al., in Matter and Energy in Clusters of Galaxies. ASP Conference Proceedings, vol. 301 (2003), p. 23
S. Katsuda, H. Tsunemi, K. Mori et al., Astrophys. J. 730, 24 (2011)
S. Konami, K. Matsushita, T.G. Tsuru, P. Gandhi, T. Tamagawa, Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn. 63, S913 (2011)
R. Lallement, Astron. Astrophys. 422, 391 (2004)
R. Lallement, Space Sci. Rev. 143, 427 (2009)
G.Y. Liang, N.R. Badnell, Astron. Astrophys. 518, A64 (2010)
C.M. Lisse, K. Dennerl, J. Englhauser et al., Science 274, 205 (1996)
J. Liu, S. Mao, Q.D. Wang, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 415, L64 (2011)
W.G. Mathews, D.A. Buote, F. Brighenti, Astrophys. J. 550, L31 (2001)
R.J. Mitchell, J.L. Culhane, P.J.N. Davison, J.C. Ives, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 175, 29P (1976)
S. Molendi, G. Matt, L.A. Antonelli, F. Fiore, R. Fusco-Femiano, J. Kaastra, C. Maccarone, C. Perola, Astrophys. J. 499, 608 (1998)
R. Mushotzky, M. Loewenstein, K.A. Arnaud et al., Astrophys. J. 466, 686 (1996)
A. Ogorzalek et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 1659 (2017)
E.K. Panagoulia, J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 447, 417 (2015)
J.R. Peterson, F.B.S. Paerels, J.S. Kaastra et al., Astron. Astrophys. 365, L104 (2001)
C. Pinto, A.C. Fabian, A. Ogorzalek et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 2077 (2016)
Y. Rephaeli, J. Nevalainen, T. Ohashi, A.M. Bykov, Space Sci. Rev. 134, 71 (2008)
S.R. Roberts, Q.D. Wang, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449, 1340 (2015)
H.R. Russell, B.R. McNamara, J.S. Sanders et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 423, 236 (2012)
I. Sakelliou et al., Astron. Astrophys. 391, 903 (2002)
J.S. Sanders, A.C. Fabian, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 370, 63 (2006)
S.Y. Sazonov, E.M. Churazov, R.A. Sunyaev, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 333, 191 (2002)
C. Shah, S. Dobrodey, S. Bernitt et al., Astrophys. J. 833, 52 (2016)
C. Shang, S.P. Oh, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 1172 (2013)
R.K. Smith, N.S. Brickhouse, D.A. Liedahl, J.C. Raymond, Astrophys. J. Lett. 556, L91 (2001)
R.K. Smith, A.R. Foster, N.S. Brickhouse, Astron. Nachr. 333, 301 (2012)
S.L. Snowden, M.R. Collier, K.D. Kuntz, Astrophys. J. 610, 1182 (2004)
P.C. Stancil, Spectroscopic Challenges of Photoionized Plasmas, vol. 247, (2001), p. 3
T. Takahashi, M. Kokubun, K. Mitsuda et al., Proc. SPIE 9905, 99050U (2016)
S.A. Walker, P. Kosec, A.C. Fabian, J.S. Sanders, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 453, 2480 (2015)
N. Werner, I. Zhuravleva, E. Churazov, A. Simionescu, S.W. Allen, W. Forman, C. Jones, J.S. Kaastra, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 398, 23 (2009)
M.C. Witthoeft, A.D. Whiteford, N.R. Badnell, J. Phys. B, At. Mol. Phys. 40, 2969 (2007)
K.-W. Wong, C.L. Sarazin, L. Ji, Astrophys. J. 727, 126 (2011)
H. Xu et al., Astrophys. J. 579, 600 (2002)
S. Zhang, Q.D. Wang, L. Ji et al., Astrophys. J. 794, 61 (2014)
I.V. Zhuravleva, E.M. Churazov, S.Y. Sazonov, R.A. Sunyaev, W. Forman, K. Dolag, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 403, 129 (2010)
I.V. Zhuravleva, E.M. Churazov, S.Y. Sazonov, R.A. Sunyaev, K. Dolag, Astron. Lett. 37, 141 (2011)
I. Zhuravleva et al., Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435, 3111 (2013)
Acknowledgements
L.G. is supported by the RIKEN Special Postdoctoral Researcher Program. SRON is supported financially by NWO, the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Clusters of Galaxies: Physics and Cosmology
Edited by Andrei Bykov, Jelle Kaastra, Marcus Brüggen, Maxim Markevitch, Maurizio Falanga and Frederik Bernard Stefan Paerels
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gu, L., Zhuravleva, I., Churazov, E. et al. X-Ray Spectroscopy of Galaxy Clusters: Beyond the CIE Modeling. Space Sci Rev 214, 108 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0544-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0544-z