Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Superluminous Supernovae

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Superluminous supernovae are a new class of supernovae that were recognized about a decade ago. Both observational and theoretical progress has been significant in the last decade. In this review, we first briefly summarize the observational properties of superluminous supernovae. We then introduce the three major suggested luminosity sources to explain the huge luminosities of superluminous supernovae, i.e., the nuclear decay of 56Ni, the interaction between supernova ejecta and dense circumstellar media, and the spin down of magnetars. We compare these models and discuss their strengths and weaknesses.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • I. Agnoletto, S. Benetti, E. Cappellaro, L. Zampieri, M. Turatto, P. Mazzali, A. Pastorello, M. Della Valle, F. Bufano, A. Harutyunyan, H. Navasardyan, N. Elias-Rosa, S. Taubenberger, S. Spiro, S. Valenti, SN 2006gy: was it really extraordinary? Astrophys. J. 691, 1348–1359 (2009). 0810.0635. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/691/2/1348

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.R. Angus, A.J. Levan, D.A. Perley, N.R. Tanvir, J.D. Lyman, E.R. Stanway, A.S. Fruchter, A Hubble Space Telescope survey of the host galaxies of Superluminous Supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 84–104 (2016). 1601.01874. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw063

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • I. Arcavi, W.M. Wolf, D.A. Howell, L. Bildsten, G. Leloudas, D. Hardin, S. Prajs, D.A. Perley, G. Svirski, A. Gal-Yam, B. Katz, C. McCully, S.B. Cenko, C. Lidman, M. Sullivan, S. Valenti, P. Astier, C. Balland, R.G. Carlberg, A. Conley, D. Fouchez, J. Guy, R. Pain, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, K. Perrett, C.J. Pritchet, N. Regnault, J. Rich, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, Rapidly rising transients in the supernova–superluminous supernova gap. Astrophys. J. 819, 35 (2016). 1511.00704. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/819/1/35

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.D. Arnett, Analytic solutions for light curves of supernovae of Type II. Astrophys. J. 237, 541–549 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1086/157898

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • W.D. Arnett, Type I supernovae. I—Analytic solutions for the early part of the light curve. Astrophys. J. 253, 785–797 (1982). https://doi.org/10.1086/159681

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Arnett, Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis: An Investigation of the History of Matter from the Big Bang to the Present (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1996)

    Google Scholar 

  • T.S. Axelrod, Late time optical spectra from the Ni-56 model for Type 1 supernovae. PhD thesis, California University, Santa Cruz (1980)

  • K. Barbary, K.S. Dawson, K. Tokita, G. Aldering, R. Amanullah, N.V. Connolly, M. Doi, L. Faccioli, V. Fadeyev, A.S. Fruchter, G. Goldhaber, A. Goobar, A. Gude, X. Huang, Y. Ihara, K. Konishi, M. Kowalski, C. Lidman, J. Meyers, T. Morokuma, P. Nugent, S. Perlmutter, D. Rubin, D. Schlegel, A.L. Spadafora, N. Suzuki, H.K. Swift, N. Takanashi, R.C. Thomas, N. Yasuda, Discovery of an unusual optical transient with the Hubble Space Telescope. Astrophys. J. 690, 1358–1362 (2009). 0809.1648. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1358

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Z. Barkat, G. Rakavy, N. Sack, Dynamics of supernova explosion resulting from pair formation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 18, 379–381 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.379

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Ben-Ami, A. Gal-Yam, P.A. Mazzali, O. Gnat, M. Modjaz, I. Rabinak, M. Sullivan, L. Bildsten, D. Poznanski, O. Yaron, I. Arcavi, J.S. Bloom, A. Horesh, M.M. Kasliwal, S.R. Kulkarni, P.E. Nugent, E.O. Ofek, D. Perley, R. Quimby, D. Xu, SN 2010mb: direct evidence for a supernova interacting with a large amount of hydrogen-free circumstellar material. Astrophys. J. 785, 37 (2014). 1309.6496. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/785/1/37

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Benetti, M. Nicholl, E. Cappellaro, A. Pastorello, S.J. Smartt, N. Elias-Rosa, A.J. Drake, L. Tomasella, M. Turatto, A. Harutyunyan, S. Taubenberger, S. Hachinger, A. Morales-Garoffolo, T.W. Chen, S.G. Djorgovski, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, C. Inserra, P. Mazzali, M.L. Pumo, J. Sollerman, S. Valenti, D.R. Young, M. Dennefeld, L. Le Guillou, M. Fleury, P.F. Léget, The supernova CSS121015:004244+132827: a clue for understanding superluminous supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 441, 289–303 (2014). arXiv:1310.1311. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu538

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Berger, R. Chornock, R. Lunnan, R. Foley, I. Czekala, A. Rest, C. Leibler, A.M. Soderberg, K. Roth, G. Narayan, M.E. Huber, D. Milisavljevic, N.E. Sanders, M. Drout, R. Margutti, R.P. Kirshner, G.H. Marion, P.J. Challis, A.G. Riess, S.J. Smartt, W.S. Burgett, K.W. Hodapp, J.N. Heasley, N. Kaiser, R.P. Kudritzki, E.A. Magnier, M. McCrum, P.A. Price, K. Smith, J.L. Tonry, R.J. Wainscoat, Ultraluminous supernovae as a new probe of the interstellar medium in distant galaxies. Astrophys. J. Lett. 755, L29 (2012). 1206.4050. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/755/2/L29

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.C. Bersten, O.G. Benvenuto, M. Orellana, K. Nomoto, The unusual super-luminous supernovae SN 2011kl and ASASSN-15lh. Astrophys. J. Lett. 817, L8 (2016). 1601.01021. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/817/1/L8

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.K. Blanchard, M. Nicholl, E. Berger, J. Guillochon, R. Margutti, R. Chornock, K.D. Alexander, J. Leja, M.R. Drout, PS16dtm: a tidal disruption event in a narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy. Astrophys. J. 843, 106 (2017). 1703.07816. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa77f7

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Blinnikov, Radiative shock waves and their role in solving puzzles of Superluminous Supernovae. ArXiv e-prints. 1611.00513 (2016)

  • S.I. Blinnikov, R. Eastman, O.S. Bartunov, V.A. Popolitov, S.E. Woosley, A comparative modeling of supernova 1993J. Astrophys. J. 496, 454–472 (1998). astro-ph/9711055. https://doi.org/10.1086/305375

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.I. Blinnikov, F.K. Röpke, E.I. Sorokina, M. Gieseler, M. Reinecke, C. Travaglio, W. Hillebrandt, M. Stritzinger, Theoretical light curves for deflagration models of type Ia supernova. Astron. Astrophys. 453, 229–240 (2006). astro-ph/0603036. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20054594

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Blondin, R.A. Chevalier, Pulsar wind bubble blowout from a supernova. Astrophys. J. 845, 139 (2017). 1707.07021. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8267

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.M. Blondin, R.A. Chevalier, D.M. Frierson, Pulsar wind nebulae in evolved supernova remnants. Astrophys. J. 563, 806–815 (2001). astro-ph/0107076. https://doi.org/10.1086/324042

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Bose, S. Dong, A. Pastorello, A.V. Filippenko, C.S. Kochanek, J. Mauerhan, C. Romero-Cañizales, T.G. Brink, P. Chen, J.L. Prieto, R. Post, C. Ashall, D. Grupe, L. Tomasella, S. Benetti, B.J. Shappee, K.Z. Stanek, Z. Cai, E. Falco, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, R. Mutel, P. Ochner, D. Pooley, M.D. Stritzinger, S. Villanueva Jr., W. Zheng, R.J. Beswick, P.J. Brown, E. Cappellaro, S. Davis, M. Fraser, T. de Jaeger, N. Elias-Rosa, C. Gall, B.S. Gaudi, G.J. Herczeg, J. Hestenes, T.W.S. Holoien, G. Hosseinzadeh, E.Y. Hsiao, S. Hu, S. Jaejin, B. Jeffers, R.A. Koff, S. Kumar, A. Kurtenkov, M.W. Lau, S. Prentice, T. Reynolds, R.J. Rudy, M. Shahbandeh, A. Somero, K.G. Stassun, T.A. Thompson, S. Valenti, J.H. Woo, S. Yunus, Gaia17biu/SN 2017egm in NGC 3191: the closest hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova to date is in a normal, massive, metal-rich spiral galaxy. Astrophys. J. 853, 57 (2018). 1708.00864. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa298

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Bucciantini, E. Amato, R. Bandiera, J.M. Blondin, L. Del Zanna, Magnetic Rayleigh-Taylor instability for Pulsar Wind Nebulae in expanding Supernova Remnants. Astron. Astrophys. 423, 253–265 (2004). astro-ph/0405276. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20040360

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Chandra, Circumstellar interaction in supernovae in dense environments—an observational perspective. Space Sci. Rev. 214, 27 (2018). 1712.07405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0461-6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Chatzopoulos, J.C. Wheeler, Effects of rotation on the minimum mass of primordial progenitors of pair-instability supernovae. Astrophys. J. 748, 42 (2012). 1201.1328. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/748/1/42

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Chatzopoulos, J.C. Wheeler, J. Vinko, Generalized semi-analytical models of supernova light curves. Astrophys. J. 746, 121 (2012). 1111.5237. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/746/2/121

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Chatzopoulos, J.C. Wheeler, J. Vinko, Z.L. Horvath, A. Nagy, Analytical light curve models of superluminous supernovae: \(\chi^{2}\)-minimization of parameter fits. Astrophys. J. 773, 76 (2013). 1306.3447. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/773/1/76

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Chatzopoulos, D.R. van Rossum, W.J. Craig, D.J. Whalen, J. Smidt, B. Wiggins, Emission from pair-instability supernovae with rotation. Astrophys. J. 799, 18 (2015). 1410.0039. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/18

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Chen, S.J. Smartt, F. Bresolin, A. Pastorello, R.P. Kudritzki, R. Kotak, M. McCrum, M. Fraser, S. Valenti, The host galaxy of the super-luminous SN 2010gx and limits on explosive 56Ni production. Astrophys. J. Lett. 763, L28 (2013). 1210.4027. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L28

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Chen, A. Heger, S. Woosley, A. Almgren, D.J. Whalen, Pair instability supernovae of very massive Population III stars. Astrophys. J. 792, 44 (2014). 1402.5960. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/792/1/44

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Chen, S.J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, M. Nicholl, F. Bresolin, R. Kotak, J. Polshaw, A. Rest, R. Kudritzki, Z. Zheng, N. Elias-Rosa, K. Smith, C. Inserra, D. Wright, E. Kankare, T. Kangas, M. Fraser, The host galaxy and late-time evolution of the superluminous supernova PTF12dam. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452, 1567–1586 (2015). 1409.7728. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1360

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.J. Chen, S.E. Woosley, T. Sukhbold, Magnetar-powered supernovae in two dimensions. I. Superluminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. 832, 73 (2016). 1604.07989. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/73

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Chen, M. Nicholl, S.J. Smartt, P.A. Mazzali, R.M. Yates, T.J. Moriya, C. Inserra, N. Langer, T. Krühler, Y.C. Pan, R. Kotak, L. Galbany, P. Schady, P. Wiseman, J. Greiner, S. Schulze, A.W.S. Man, A. Jerkstrand, K.W. Smith, M. Dennefeld, C. Baltay, J. Bolmer, E. Kankare, F. Knust, K. Maguire, D. Rabinowitz, S. Rostami, M. Sullivan, D.R. Young, The evolution of superluminous supernova LSQ14mo and its interacting host galaxy system. Astron. Astrophys. 602, A9 (2017a). 1611.09910. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201630163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Chen, P. Schady, L. Xiao, J.J. Eldridge, T. Schweyer, C.H. Lee, P.C. Yu, S.J. Smartt, C. Inserra, Spatially resolved MaNGA observations of the host galaxy of superluminous supernova 2017egm. Astrophys. J. Lett. 849, L4 (2017b). 1708.04618. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8f40

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.W. Chen, S.J. Smartt, R.M. Yates, M. Nicholl, T. Krühler, P. Schady, M. Dennefeld, C. Inserra, Superluminous supernova progenitors have a half-solar metallicity threshold. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 470, 3566–3573 (2017c). 1605.04925. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1428

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Chevalier, Was SN 1054 a Type II supernova? in Supernovae. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 66, ed. by D.N. Schramm (Springer, Berlin, 1977), p. 53. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1229-4_5

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Chevalier, Young core-collapse supernova remnants and their supernovae. Astrophys. J. 619, 839–855 (2005). astro-ph/0409013. https://doi.org/10.1086/426584

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Chevalier, C. Fransson, Supernova interaction with a circumstellar medium, in Supernovae and Gamma-Ray Bursters, ed. by K. Weiler. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol. 598 (Springer, Berlin, 2003), pp. 171–194. astro-ph/0110060. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45863-8_10

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Chevalier, C.M. Irwin, Shock breakout in dense mass loss: luminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. Lett. 729, L6 (2011). 1101.1111. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/729/1/L6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.A. Chevalier, N. Soker, Asymmetric envelope expansion of supernova 1987A. Astrophys. J. 341, 867–882 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1086/167545

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Chomiuk, R. Chornock, A.M. Soderberg, E. Berger, R.A. Chevalier, R.J. Foley, M.E. Huber, G. Narayan, A. Rest, S. Gezari, R.P. Kirshner, A. Riess, S.A. Rodney, S.J. Smartt, C.W. Stubbs, J.L. Tonry, W.M. Wood-Vasey, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, I. Czekala, H. Flewelling, K. Forster, N. Kaiser, R.P. Kudritzki, E.A. Magnier, D.C. Martin, J.S. Morgan, J.D. Neill, P.A. Price, K.C. Roth, N.E. Sanders, R.J. Wainscoat, Pan-STARRS1 discovery of two ultraluminous supernovae at \(z \simeq0.9\). Astrophys. J. 743, 114 (2011). 1107.3552. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/114

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Cikota, A. De Cia, S. Schulze, P.M. Vreeswijk, G. Leloudas, A. Gal-Yam, D.A. Perley, S. Cikota, S. Kim, F. Patat, R. Lunnan, R. Quimby, O. Yaron, L. Yan, P.A. Mazzali, Spatially resolved analysis of superluminous supernovae PTF 11hrq and PTF 12dam host galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 469, 4705–4717 (2017). 1705.01948. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1110

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Cooke, M. Sullivan, A. Gal-Yam, E.J. Barton, R.G. Carlberg, E.V. Ryan-Weber, C. Horst, Y. Omori, C.G. Díaz, Superluminous supernovae at redshifts of 2.05 and 3.90. Nature 491, 228–231 (2012). 1211.2003. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11521

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.L. Coppejans, R. Margutti, C. Guidorzi, L. Chomiuk, K.D. Alexander, E. Berger, M.F. Bietenholz, P.K. Blanchard, P. Challis, R. Chornock, M. Drout, W. Fong, A. Mac Fadyen, G. Migliori, D. Milisavljevic, M. Nicholl, J.T. Parrent, G. Terreran, B.A. Zauderer, Jets in hydrogen-poor super-luminous supernovae: constraints from a comprehensive analysis of radio observations. ArXiv e-prints. 1711.03428 (2017)

  • C. Curtin, J. Cooke, T.J. Moriya, S.R. Bernard, L. Galbany, J. Ja, C.H. Lee, K. Maeda, T. Morokuma, K. Nomoto, G. Pignata, T. Pritchard, R.M. Quimby, N. Suzuki, I. Takahashi, M. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, N. Tominaga, M. Yamaguchi, N. Yasuda, First release of high-redshift superluminous supernovae from the Subaru HIgh-Z sUpernova CAmpaign (SHIZUCA). II. Spectroscopic properties. ArXiv e-prints. 1801.08241 (2018)

  • M.T. da Cruz, Y. Chan, R.M. Larimer, K.T. Lesko, E.B. Norman, R.G. Stokstad, F.E. Wietfeldt, I. Žlimen, Half-life of 56Ni. Phys. Rev. C 46, 1132–1135 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.46.1132

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. De Cia, A. Gal-Yam, A. Rubin, G. Leloudas, P. Vreeswijk, D.A. Perley, R. Quimby, L. Yan, M. Sullivan, A. Flörs, J. Sollerman, D. Bersier, S.B. Cenko, M. Gal-Yam, K. Maguire, E.O. Ofek, S. Prentice, S. Schulze, J. Spyromilio, S. Valenti, I. Arcavi, A. Corsi, A. Howell, P. Mazzali, M.M. Kasliwal, F. Taddia, O. Yaron, Light curves of hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory. ArXiv e-prints. 1708.01623 (2017)

  • L. Dessart, D.J. Hillier, R. Waldman, E. Livne, S. Blondin, Superluminous supernovae: 56Ni power versus magnetar radiation. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 426, L76–L80 (2012). 1208.1214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3933.2012.01329.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Dessart, R. Waldman, E. Livne, D.J. Hillier, S. Blondin, Radiative properties of pair-instability supernova explosions. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428, 3227–3251 (2013). 1210.6163. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts269

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Dessart, E. Audit, D.J. Hillier, Numerical simulations of superluminous supernovae of Type IIn. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449, 4304–4325 (2015). 1503.05463. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv609

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Dexter, D. Kasen, Supernova light curves powered by fallback accretion. Astrophys. J. 772, 30 (2013). 1210.7240. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/30

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Dong, B.J. Shappee, J.L. Prieto, S.W. Jha, K.Z. Stanek, T.W.S. Holoien, C.S. Kochanek, T.A. Thompson, N. Morrell, I.B. Thompson, U. Basu, J.F. Beacom, D. Bersier, J. Brimacombe, J.S. Brown, F. Bufano, P. Chen, E. Conseil, A.B. Danilet, E. Falco, D. Grupe, S. Kiyota, G. Masi, B. Nicholls, E.F. Olivares, G. Pignata, G. Pojmanski, G.V. Simonian, D.M. Szczygiel, P.R. Woźniak, ASASSN-15lh: a highly super-luminous supernova. Science 351, 257–260 (2016). 1507.03010. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9613

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Drake, S.G. Djorgovski, J.L. Prieto, A. Mahabal, D. Balam, R. Williams, M.J. Graham, M. Catelan, E. Beshore, S. Larson, Discovery of the extremely energetic supernova 2008fz. Astrophys. J. Lett. 718, L127–L131 (2010). 0908.1990. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L127

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Drake, S.G. Djorgovski, A. Mahabal, J. Anderson, R. Roy, V. Mohan, S. Ravindranath, D. Frail, S. Gezari, J.D. Neill, L.C. Ho, J.L. Prieto, D. Thompson, J. Thorstensen, M. Wagner, R. Kowalski, J. Chiang, J.E. Grove, F.K. Schinzel, D.L. Wood, L. Carrasco, E. Recillas, L. Kewley, K.N. Archana, A. Basu, Y. Wadadekar, B. Kumar, A.D. Myers, E.S. Phinney, R. Williams, M.J. Graham, M. Catelan, E. Beshore, S. Larson, E. Christensen, The discovery and nature of the optical transient CSS100217:102913+404220. Astrophys. J. 735, 106 (2011). 1103.5514. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/735/2/106

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.R. Drout, A.M. Soderberg, A. Gal-Yam, S.B. Cenko, D.B. Fox, D.C. Leonard, D.J. Sand, D.S. Moon, I. Arcavi, Y. Green, The first systematic study of Type Ibc supernova multi-band light curves. Astrophys. J. 741, 97 (2011). 1011.4959. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/97

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.M. Espinoza, A.G. Lyne, B.W. Stappers, New long-term braking index measurements for glitching pulsars using a glitch-template method. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466, 147–162 (2017). 1611.08314. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3081

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.W. Falk, W.D. Arnett, Radiation dynamics, envelope ejection, and supernova light curves. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 33, 515 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1086/190440

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Fransson, M. Ergon, P.J. Challis, R.A. Chevalier, K. France, R.P. Kirshner, G.H. Marion, D. Milisavljevic, N. Smith, F. Bufano, A.S. Friedman, T. Kangas, J. Larsson, S. Mattila, S. Benetti, R. Chornock, I. Czekala, A. Soderberg, J. Sollerman, High-density circumstellar interaction in the luminous Type IIn SN 2010jl: the first 1100 days. Astrophys. J. 797, 118 (2014). 1312.6617. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/2/118

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Funck, U. Schötzig, M.J. Woods, J.P. Sephton, A.S. Munster, J.C.J. Dean, P. Blanchis, B. Chauvenet, 56Co standardization and half-life. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A, Accel. Spectrom. Detect. Assoc. Equip. 312, 334–338 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(92)90177-6

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Gaffet, Pulsar theory of supernova light curves. I—Dynamical effect and thermalization of the pulsar strong waves. Astrophys. J. 216, 565–577 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1086/155498

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Gal-Yam, Luminous supernovae. Science 337, 927 (2012). 1208.3217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1203601

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Gal-Yam, P. Mazzali, E.O. Ofek, P.E. Nugent, S.R. Kulkarni, M.M. Kasliwal, R.M. Quimby, A.V. Filippenko, S.B. Cenko, R. Chornock, R. Waldman, D. Kasen, M. Sullivan, E.C. Beshore, A.J. Drake, R.C. Thomas, J.S. Bloom, D. Poznanski, A.A. Miller, R.J. Foley, J.M. Silverman, I. Arcavi, R.S. Ellis, J. Deng, Supernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion. Nature 462, 624–627 (2009). 1001.1156. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08579

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.T. Gänsicke, A.J. Levan, T.R. Marsh, P.J. Wheatley, SCP 06F6: a carbon-rich extragalactic transient at redshift \(z \sim0.14\)? Astrophys. J. Lett. 697, L129–L132 (2009). 0809.2562. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/697/2/L129

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Georgy, G. Meynet, S. Ekström, G.A. Wade, V. Petit, Z. Keszthelyi, R. Hirschi, Possible pair-instability supernovae at solar metallicity from magnetic stellar progenitors. Astron. Astrophys. 599, L5 (2017). 1702.02340. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730401

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Gezari, J.P. Halpern, D. Grupe, F. Yuan, R. Quimby, T. McKay, D. Chamarro, M.D. Sisson, C. Akerlof, J.C. Wheeler, P.J. Brown, S.B. Cenko, A. Rau, J.O. Djordjevic, D.M. Terndrup, Discovery of the ultra-bright Type II-L supernova 2008es. Astrophys. J. 690, 1313–1321 (2009). 0808.2812. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1313

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Gilkis, N. Soker, O. Papish, Explaining the most energetic supernovae with an inefficient jet-feedback mechanism. Astrophys. J. 826, 178 (2016). arXiv:1511.01471. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/2/178

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M.S. Gilmer, A. Kozyreva, R. Hirschi, C. Fröhlich, N. Yusof, Pair-instability supernova simulations: progenitor evolution, explosion, and light curves. Astrophys. J. 846, 100 (2017). 1706.07454. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8461

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Ginzburg, S. Balberg, Superluminous light curves from supernovae exploding in a dense wind. Astrophys. J. 757, 178 (2012). 1205.3455. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/2/178

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.K. Grasberg, D.K. Nadyozhin, The onset of a type II supernova outburst in a circumstellar envelope created by the intense stellar wind from the presupernova. Astron. Zh. 64, 1199–1209 (1987)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.K. Grasberg, V.S. Imshenik, D.K. Nadyozhin, On the theory of the light curves of supernovate. Astrophys. Space Sci. 10, 3 (1971) (in Russian). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00654603

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Greiner, P.A. Mazzali, D.A. Kann, T. Krühler, E. Pian, S. Prentice, E.F. Olivares, A. Rossi, S. Klose, S. Taubenberger, F. Knust, P.M.J. Afonso, C. Ashall, J. Bolmer, C. Delvaux, R. Diehl, J. Elliott, R. Filgas, J.P.U. Fynbo, J.F. Graham, A.N. Guelbenzu, S. Kobayashi, G. Leloudas, S. Savaglio, P. Schady, S. Schmidl, T. Schweyer, V. Sudilovsky, M. Tanga, A.C. Updike, H. van Eerten, K. Varela, A very luminous magnetar-powered supernova associated with an ultra-long \(\gamma\)-ray burst. Nature 523, 189–192 (2015). 1509.03279. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14579

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Guillochon, J. Parrent, L.Z. Kelley, R. Margutti, An open catalog for supernova data. Astrophys. J. 835, 64 (2017). 1605.01054. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/64

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Heger, S.E. Woosley, The nucleosynthetic signature of population III. Astrophys. J. 567, 532–543 (2002). astro-ph/0107037. https://doi.org/10.1086/338487

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Howell, Superluminous Supernovae (Springer, Cham, 2017), pp. 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20794-0_41-1

    Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Howell, D. Kasen, C. Lidman, M. Sullivan, A. Conley, P. Astier, C. Balland, R.G. Carlberg, D. Fouchez, J. Guy, D. Hardin, R. Pain, N. Palanque-Delabrouille, K. Perrett, C.J. Pritchet, N. Regnault, J. Rich, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, Two superluminous supernovae from the early universe discovered by the Supernova Legacy Survey. Astrophys. J. 779, 98 (2013). 1310.0470. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/98

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, S.J. Smartt, Superluminous supernovae as standardizable candles and high-redshift distance probes. Astrophys. J. 796, 87 (2014). 1409.4429. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/2/87

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, S.J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, S. Valenti, M. Fraser, D. Wright, K. Smith, T.W. Chen, R. Kotak, A. Pastorello, M. Nicholl, F. Bresolin, R.P. Kudritzki, S. Benetti, M.T. Botticella, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, M. Ergon, H. Flewelling, J.P.U. Fynbo, S. Geier, K.W. Hodapp, D.A. Howell, M. Huber, N. Kaiser, G. Leloudas, L. Magill, E.A. Magnier, M.G. McCrum, N. Metcalfe, P.A. Price, A. Rest, J. Sollerman, W. Sweeney, F. Taddia, S. Taubenberger, J.L. Tonry, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, D. Young, Super-luminous Type Ic supernovae: catching a magnetar by the tail. Astrophys. J. 770, 128 (2013). 1304.3320. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/770/2/128

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, M. Bulla, S.A. Sim, S.J. Smartt, Spectropolarimetry of superluminous supernovae: insight into their geometry. Astrophys. J. 831, 79 (2016). 1607.02353. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/79

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, M. Nicholl, T.W. Chen, A. Jerkstrand, S.J. Smartt, T. Krühler, J.P. Anderson, C. Baltay, M. Della Valle, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, L. Galbany, E. Kankare, K. Maguire, D. Rabinowitz, K. Smith, S. Valenti, D.R. Young, Complexity in the light curves and spectra of slow-evolving superluminous supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 468, 4642–4662 (2017). 1701.00941. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx834

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, R.C. Nichol, D. Scovacricchi, J. Amiaux, M. Brescia, C. Burigana, E. Cappellaro, C.S. Carvalho, S. Cavuoti, V. Conforti, J.C. Cuillandre, A. da Silva, A. De Rosa, M. Della Valle, J. Dinis, E. Franceschi, I. Hook, P. Hudelot, K. Jahnke, T. Kitching, H. Kurki-Suonio, I. Lloro, G. Longo, E. Maiorano, M. Maris, J.D. Rhodes, R. Scaramella, S.J. Smartt, M. Sullivan, C. Tao, R. Toledo-Moreo, I. Tereno, M. Trifoglio, L. Valenziano, Euclid: superluminous supernovae in the deep survey. Astron. Astrophys. 609, A83 (2018a). 1710.09585. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • C. Inserra, S.J. Smartt, E.E.E. Gall, G. Leloudas, T.W. Chen, S. Schulze, A. Jerkstrand, M. Nicholl, J.P. Anderson, I. Arcavi, S. Benetti, R.A. Cartier, M. Childress, M. Della Valle, H. Flewelling, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, C.P. Gutiérrez, G. Hosseinzadeh, D.A. Howell, M. Huber, E. Kankare, T. Krühler, E.A. Magnier, K. Maguire, C. McCully, S. Prajs, N. Primak, R. Scalzo, B.P. Schmidt, M. Smith, K.W. Smith, B.E. Tucker, S. Valenti, M. Wilman, D.R. Young, F. Yuan, On the nature of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 1046–1072 (2018b). 1604.01226. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3179

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Izzo, C.C. Thöne, R. García-Benito, A. de Ugarte Postigo, Z. Cano, D.A. Kann, K. Bensch, M. Della Valle, D. Galadí-Enríquez, R.P. Hedrosa, The host of the Type I SLSN 2017egm. A young, sub-solar metallicity environment in a massive spiral galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 610, A11 (2018). 1708.03856. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731766

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J. Japelj, S.D. Vergani, R. Salvaterra, L.K. Hunt, F. Mannucci, Taking stock of superluminous supernovae and long gamma-ray burst host galaxy comparison using a complete sample of LGRBs. Astron. Astrophys. 593, A115 (2016). 1607.01045. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628603

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Jerkstrand, S.J. Smartt, A. Heger, Nebular spectra of pair-instability supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 455, 3207–3229 (2016). 1510.02698. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2369

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Jerkstrand, S.J. Smartt, C. Inserra, M. Nicholl, T.W. Chen, T. Krühler, J. Sollerman, S. Taubenberger, A. Gal-Yam, E. Kankare, K. Maguire, M. Fraser, S. Valenti, M. Sullivan, R. Cartier, D.R. Young, Long-duration superluminous supernovae at late times. Astrophys. J. 835, 13 (2017). 1608.02994. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/13

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Joggerst, D.J. Whalen, The early evolution of primordial pair-instability supernovae. Astrophys. J. 728, 129 (2011). 1010.4360. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/728/2/129

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Kankare, R. Kotak, S. Mattila, P. Lundqvist, M.J. Ward, M. Fraser, A. Lawrence, S.J. Smartt, W.P.S. Meikle, A. Bruce, J. Harmanen, S.J. Hutton, C. Inserra, T. Kangas, A. Pastorello, T. Reynolds, C. Romero-Cañizales, K.W. Smith, S. Valenti, K.C. Chambers, K.W. Hodapp, M.E. Huber, N. Kaiser, R.P. Kudritzki, E.A. Magnier, J.L. Tonry, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, A population of highly energetic transient events in the centres of active galaxies. Nat. Astron. 1, 865–871 (2017). 1711.04577. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0290-2

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Kasen, L. Bildsten, Supernova light curves powered by young magnetars. Astrophys. J. 717, 245–249 (2010). 0911.0680. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/717/1/245

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Kasen, S.E. Woosley, A. Heger, Pair instability supernovae: light curves, spectra, and shock breakout. Astrophys. J. 734, 102 (2011). 1101.3336. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/102

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Kasen, B.D. Metzger, L. Bildsten, Magnetar-driven shock breakout and double-peaked supernova light curves. Astrophys. J. 821, 36 (2016). 1507.03645. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/36

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K.S. Kawabata, M. Tanaka, K. Maeda, T. Hattori, K. Nomoto, N. Tominaga, M. Yamanaka, Extremely luminous supernova 2006gy at late phase: detection of optical emission from supernova. Astrophys. J. 697, 747–757 (2009). 0902.1440. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/697/1/747

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Knop, G. Aldering, S. Deustua, G. Goldhaber, M. Kim, P. Nugent, E. Helin, S. Pravdo, D. Rabinowitz, K. Lawrence, Supernovae 1999as and 1999at in anonymous galaxies. IAU Circ. 7128 (1999)

  • K. Kotera, E.S. Phinney, A.V. Olinto, Signatures of pulsars in the light curves of newly formed supernova remnants. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 432, 3228–3236 (2013). 1304.5326. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt680

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kozyreva, S. Blinnikov, Can pair-instability supernova models match the observations of superluminous supernovae? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 454, 4357–4365 (2015). 1510.00439. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2287

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kozyreva, S. Blinnikov, N. Langer, S.C. Yoon, Observational properties of low-redshift pair instability supernovae. Astron. Astrophys. 565, A70 (2014). 1403.5212. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423447

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Kozyreva, M. Gilmer, R. Hirschi, C. Fröhlich, S. Blinnikov, R.T. Wollaeger, U.M. Noebauer, D.R. van Rossum, A. Heger, W.P. Even, R. Waldman, A. Tolstov, E. Chatzopoulos, E. Sorokina, Fast evolving pair-instability supernova models: evolution, explosion, light curves. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 2854–2865 (2017). 1610.01086. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2562

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Langer, C.A. de Norman, A. Koter, J.S. Vink, M. Cantiello, S.C. Yoon, Pair creation supernovae at low and high redshift. Astron. Astrophys. 475, L19–L23 (2007). 0708.1970. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078482

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Leloudas, E. Chatzopoulos, B. Dilday, J. Gorosabel, J. Vinko, A. Gallazzi, J.C. Wheeler, B. Bassett, J.A. Fischer, J.A. Frieman, J.P.U. Fynbo, A. Goobar, M. Jelínek, D. Malesani, R.C. Nichol, J. Nordin, L. Östman, M. Sako, D.P. Schneider, M. Smith, J. Sollerman, M.D. Stritzinger, C.C. Thöne, A. de Ugarte Postigo, SN 2006oz: rise of a super-luminous supernova observed by the SDSS-II SN Survey. Astron. Astrophys. 541, A129 (2012). 1201.5393. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118498

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Leloudas, F. Patat, J.R. Maund, E. Hsiao, D. Malesani, S. Schulze, C. Contreras, A. de Ugarte Postigo, J. Sollerman, M.D. Stritzinger, F. Taddia, J.C. Wheeler, J. Gorosabel, Polarimetry of the superluminous supernova LSQ14mo: no evidence for significant deviations from spherical symmetry. Astrophys. J. Lett. 815, L10 (2015a). 1511.04522. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/815/1/L10

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Leloudas, S. Schulze, T. Krühler, J. Gorosabel, L. Christensen, A. Mehner, A. de Ugarte Postigo, R. Amorín, C.C. Thöne, J.P. Anderson, F.E. Bauer, A. Gallazzi, K.G. Hełminiak, J. Hjorth, E. Ibar, D. Malesani, N. Morell, J. Vinko, J.C. Wheeler, Spectroscopy of superluminous supernova host galaxies. A preference of hydrogen-poor events for extreme emission line galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 449, 917–932 (2015b). 1409.8331. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv320

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Leloudas, M. Fraser, N.C. Stone, S. van Velzen, P.G. Jonker, I. Arcavi, C. Fremling, J.R. Maund, S.J. Smartt, T. Krìhler, J.C.A. Miller-Jones, P.M. Vreeswijk, A. Gal-Yam, P.A. Mazzali, A. De Cia, D.A. Howell, C. Inserra, F. de Patat, A. Ugarte Postigo, O. Yaron, C. Ashall, I. Bar, H. Campbell, T.W. Chen, M. Childress, N. Elias-Rosa, J. Harmanen, G. Hosseinzadeh, J. Johansson, T. Kangas, E. Kankare, S. Kim, H. Kuncarayakti, J. Lyman, M.R. Magee, K. Maguire, D. Malesani, S. Mattila, C.V. McCully, M. Nicholl, S. Prentice, C. Romero-Cañizales, S. Schulze, K.W. Smith, J. Sollerman, M. Sullivan, B.E. Tucker, S. Valenti, J.C. Wheeler, D.R. Young, The superluminous transient ASASSN-15lh as a tidal disruption event from a Kerr black hole. Nat. Astron. 1, 0002 (2016). 1609.02927. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-016-0002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • G. Leloudas, J.R. Maund, A. Gal-Yam, T. Pursimo, E. Hsiao, D. Malesani, F. Patat, A. de Ugarte Postigo, J. Sollerman, M.D. Stritzinger, J.C. Wheeler, Time-resolved polarimetry of the superluminous SN 2015bn with the Nordic Optical Telescope. Astrophys. J. Lett. 837, L14 (2017). 1702.05494. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa6157

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.J. Levan, A.M. Read, B.D. Metzger, P.J. Wheatley, N.R. Tanvir, Superluminous X-rays from a superluminous supernova. Astrophys. J. 771, 136 (2013). 1304.1173. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/771/2/136

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L.D. Liu, S.Q. Wang, L.J. Wang, Z.G. Dai, H. Yu, Z.K. Peng, A Monte Carlo approach to magnetar-powered transients. I. Hydrogen-deficient superluminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. 842, 26 (2017a). 1705.06047. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa73d9

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.Q. Liu, M. Modjaz, F.B. Bianco, Analyzing the largest spectroscopic data set of hydrogen-poor super-luminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. 845, 85 (2017b). 1612.07321. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa7f74

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Lunnan, R. Chornock, E. Berger, T. Laskar, W. Fong, A. Rest, N.E. Sanders, P.M. Challis, M.R. Drout, R.J. Foley, M.E. Huber, R.P. Kirshner, C. Leibler, G.H. Marion, M. McCrum, D. Milisavljevic, G. Narayan, D. Scolnic, S.J. Smartt, K.W. Smith, A.M. Soderberg, J.L. Tonry, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, H. Flewelling, K.W. Hodapp, N. Kaiser, E.A. Magnier, P.A. Price, R.J. Wainscoat, Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae and long-duration gamma-ray bursts have similar host galaxies. Astrophys. J. 787, 138 (2014). 1311.0026. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/2/138

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Lunnan, R. Chornock, E. Berger, A. Rest, W. Fong, D. Scolnic, D.O. Jones, A.M. Soderberg, P.M. Challis, M.R. Drout, R.J. Foley, M.E. Huber, R.P. Kirshner, C. Leibler, G.H. Marion, M. McCrum, D. Milisavljevic, G. Narayan, N.E. Sanders, S.J. Smartt, K.W. Smith, J.L. Tonry, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, H. Flewelling, R.P. Kudritzki, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, Zooming in on the progenitors of superluminous supernovae with the HST. Astrophys. J. 804, 90 (2015). 1411.1060. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/90

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Lunnan, R. Chornock, E. Berger, D. Milisavljevic, D.O. Jones, A. Rest, W. Fong, C. Fransson, R. Margutti, M.R. Drout, P.K. Blanchard, P. Challis, P.S. Cowperthwaite, R.J. Foley, R.P. Kirshner, N. Morrell, A.G. Riess, K.C. Roth, D. Scolnic, S.J. Smartt, K.W. Smith, V.A. Villar, K.C. Chambers, P.W. Draper, M.E. Huber, N. Kaiser, R.P. Kudritzki, E.A. Magnier, N. Metcalfe, C. Waters, PS1-14bj: a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with a long rise and slow decay. Astrophys. J. 831, 144 (2016). 1605.05235. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/2/144

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Lunnan, R. Chornock, E. Berger, D.O. Jones, A. Rest, I. Czekala, J. Dittmann, M.R. Drout, R.J. Foley, W. Fong, R.P. Kirshner, T. Laskar, C.N. Leibler, R. Margutti, D. Milisavljevic, G. Narayan, Y.C. Pan, A.G. Riess, K.C. Roth, N.E. Sanders, D. Scolnic, S.J. Smartt, K.W. Smith, K.C. Chambers, P.W. Draper, H. Flewelling, M.E. Huber, N. Kaiser, R.P. Kudritzki, E.A. Magnier, N. Metcalfe, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, M. Willman, Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey. Astrophys. J. 852, 81 (2018). 1708.01619. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9f1a

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Lyman, D. Bersier, P.A. James, P.A. Mazzali, J.J. Eldridge, M. Fraser, E. Pian, Bolometric light curves and explosion parameters of 38 stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 457, 328–350 (2016). 1406.3667. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2983

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P. Madau, M. Dickinson, Cosmic star-formation history. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 415–486 (2014). 1403.0007. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Maeda, M. Tanaka, K. Nomoto, N. Tominaga, K. Kawabata, P.A. Mazzali, H. Umeda, T. Suzuki, T. Hattori, The unique Type Ib supernova 2005bf at nebular phases: a possible birth event of a strongly magnetized neutron star. Astrophys. J. 666, 1069–1082 (2007). 0705.2713. https://doi.org/10.1086/520054

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B. Margalit, B.D. Metzger, T.A. Thompson, M. Nicholl, T. Sukhbold, The GRB-SLSN connection: misaligned magnetars, weak jet emergence, and observational signatures. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 475, 2659–2674 (2018). 1705.01103. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty013

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Margutti, R. Chornock, B.D. Metzger, D.L. Coppejans, C. Guidorzi, G. Migliori, D. Milisavljevic, E. Berger, M. Nicholl, B.A. Zauderer, R. Lunnan, A. Kamble, M. Drout, M. Modjaz, Results from a systematic survey of X-ray emission from Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae. ArXiv e-prints. 1704.05865 (2017)

  • C.D. Matzner, C.F. McKee, The expulsion of stellar envelopes in core-collapse supernovae. Astrophys. J. 510, 379–403 (1999). astro-ph/9807046. https://doi.org/10.1086/306571

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.A. Mazzali, M. Sullivan, E. Pian, J. Greiner, D.A. Kann, Spectrum formation in superluminous supernovae (Type I). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 3455–3465 (2016). 1603.00388. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw512

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. McCrum, S.J. Smartt, A. Rest, K. Smith, R. Kotak, S.A. Rodney, D.R. Young, R. Chornock, E. Berger, R.J. Foley, M. Fraser, D. Wright, D. Scolnic, J.L. Tonry, Y. Urata, K. Huang, A. Pastorello, M.T. Botticella, S. Valenti, S. Mattila, E. Kankare, D.J. Farrow, M.E. Huber, C.W. Stubbs, R.P. Kirshner, F. Bresolin, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, P.W. Draper, H. Flewelling, R. Jedicke, N. Kaiser, E.A. Magnier, N. Metcalfe, J.S. Morgan, P.A. Price, W. Sweeney, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, Selecting superluminous supernovae in faint galaxies from the first year of the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 448, 1206–1231 (2015). 1402.1631. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv034

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • B.D. Metzger, I. Vurm, R. Hascoët, A.M. Beloborodov, Ionization break-out from millisecond pulsar wind nebulae: an X-ray probe of the origin of superluminous supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 437, 703–720 (2014). 1307.8115. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1922

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Miller, R. Chornock, D.A. Perley, M. Ganeshalingam, W. Li, N.R. Butler, J.S. Bloom, N. Smith, M. Modjaz, D. Poznanski, A.V. Filippenko, C.V. Griffith, J.H. Shiode, J.M. Silverman, The exceptionally luminous Type II-linear supernova 2008es. Astrophys. J. 690, 1303–1312 (2009). 0808.2193. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/690/2/1303

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.A. Miller, N. Smith, W. Li, J.S. Bloom, R. Chornock, A.V. Filippenko, J.X. Prochaska, New observations of the very luminous supernova 2006gy: evidence for echoes. Astron. J. 139, 2218–2229 (2010). 0906.2201. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/139/6/2218

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, N. Langer, Pulsations of red supergiant pair-instability supernova progenitors leading to extreme mass loss. Astron. Astrophys. 573, A18 (2015). 1410.4557. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424957

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, K. Maeda, A dip after the early emission of superluminous supernovae: a signature of shock breakout within dense circumstellar media. Astrophys. J. Lett. 756, L22 (2012). 1203.1451. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/756/1/L22

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, N. Tominaga, Diversity of luminous supernovae from non-steady mass loss. Astrophys. J. 747, 118 (2012). 1110.3807. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/118

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Moriya, N. Tominaga, M. Tanaka, K. Maeda, K. Nomoto, A core-collapse supernova model for the extremely luminous Type Ic supernova 2007bi: an alternative to the pair-instability supernova model. Astrophys. J. Lett. 717, L83–L86 (2010). 1004.2967. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/717/2/L83

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, S.I. Blinnikov, N. Tominaga, N. Yoshida, M. Tanaka, K. Maeda, K. Nomoto, Light-curve modelling of superluminous supernova 2006gy: collision between supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428, 1020–1035 (2013b). 1204.6109. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sts075

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, K. Maeda, F. Taddia, J. Sollerman, S.I. Blinnikov, E.I. Sorokina, An analytic bolometric light curve model of interaction-powered supernovae and its application to Type IIn supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435, 1520–1535 (2013b). 1307.2644. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt1392

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, Z.W. Liu, J. Mackey, T.W. Chen, N. Langer, Revealing the binary origin of Type Ic superluminous supernovae through nebular hydrogen emission. Astron. Astrophys. 584, L5 (2015). 1510.01621. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527515

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, B.D. Metzger, S.I. Blinnikov, Supernovae powered by magnetars that transform into black holes. Astrophys. J. 833, 64 (2016). 1606.09316. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/833/1/64

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, T.W. Chen, N. Langer, Properties of magnetars mimicking 56Ni-powered light curves in Type IC superluminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. 835, 177 (2017a). 1612.06917. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/177

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, M. Tanaka, T. Morokuma, K. Ohsuga, Superluminous transients at AGN centers from interaction between black hole disk winds and broad-line region clouds. Astrophys. J. Lett. 843, L19 (2017b). 1706.06855. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa7af3

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.J. Moriya, M. Tanaka, N. Yasuda, J. Ja, C.H. Lee, K. Maeda, T. Morokuma, K. Nomoto, R.M. Quimby, N. Suzuki, I. Takahashi, M. Tanaka, N. Tominaga, M. Yamaguchi, S.R. Bernard, J. Cooke, C. Curtin, L. Galbany, S. Gonzalez-Gaitan, G. Pignata, T. Pritchard, Y. Komiyama, R.H. Lupton, First release of high-redshift superluminous supernovae from the Subaru HIgh-Z sUpernova CAmpaign (SHIZUCA). I. Photometric properties. ArXiv e-prints. 1801.08240 (2018)

  • D.K. Nadyozhin, The properties of Ni to Co to Fe decay. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 92, 527–531 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1086/192008

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.D. Neill, M. Sullivan, A. Gal-Yam, R. Quimby, E. Ofek, T.K. Wyder, D.A. Howell, P. Nugent, M. Seibert, D.C. Martin, R. Overzier, T.A. Barlow, K. Foster, P.G. Friedman, P. Morrissey, S.G. Neff, D. Schiminovich, L. Bianchi, J. Donas, T.M. Heckman, Y.W. Lee, B.F. Madore, B. Milliard, R.M. Rich, A.S. Szalay, The extreme hosts of extreme supernovae. Astrophys. J. 727, 15 (2011). 1011.3512. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/1/15

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, S.J. Smartt, Seeing double: the frequency and detectability of double-peaked superluminous supernova light curves. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 457, L79–L83 (2016). 1511.03740. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv210

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, S.J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, C. Inserra, J.P. Anderson, C. Baltay, S. Benetti, T.W. Chen, N. Elias-Rosa, U. Feindt, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, E. Hadjiyska, D.A. Howell, R. Kotak, A. Lawrence, G. Leloudas, S. Margheim, S. Mattila, M. McCrum, R. McKinnon, A. Mead, P. Nugent, D. Rabinowitz, A. Rest, K.W. Smith, J. Sollerman, M. Sullivan, F. Taddia, S. Valenti, E.S. Walker, D.R. Young, Superluminous supernovae from PESSTO. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 444, 2096–2113 (2014). 1405.1325. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1579

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, S.J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, C. Inserra, S.A. Sim, T.W. Chen, S. Benetti, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, E. Kankare, K. Maguire, K. Smith, M. Sullivan, S. Valenti, D.R. Young, C. Baltay, F.E. Bauer, S. Baumont, D. Bersier, M.T. Botticella, M. Childress, M. Dennefeld, M. Della Valle, N. Elias-Rosa, U. Feindt, L. Galbany, E. Hadjiyska, L. Le Guillou, G. Leloudas, P. Mazzali, R. McKinnon, J. Polshaw, D. Rabinowitz, S. Rostami, R. Scalzo, B.P. Schmidt, S. Schulze, J. Sollerman, F. Taddia, F. Yuan, On the diversity of superluminous supernovae: ejected mass as the dominant factor. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452, 3869–3893 (2015a). 1503.03310. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv1522

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, S.J. Smartt, A. Jerkstrand, S.A. Sim, C. Inserra, J.P. Anderson, C. Baltay, S. Benetti, K. Chambers, T.W. Chen, N. Elias-Rosa, U. Feindt, H.A. Flewelling, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, L. Galbany, M.E. Huber, T. Kangas, E. Kankare, R. Kotak, T. Krühler, K. Maguire, R. McKinnon, D. Rabinowitz, S. Rostami, S. Schulze, K.W. Smith, M. Sullivan, J.L. Tonry, S. Valenti, D.R. Young, LSQ14bdq: a Type Ic super-luminous supernova with a double-peaked light curve. Astrophys. J. Lett. 807, L18 (2015b). 1505.01078. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/807/1/L18

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, E. Berger, R. Margutti, R. Chornock, P.K. Blanchard, A. Jerkstrand, S.J. Smartt, I. Arcavi, P. Challis, K.C. Chambers, T.W. Chen, P.S. Cowperthwaite, A. Gal-Yam, G. Hosseinzadeh, D.A. Howell, C. Inserra, E. Kankare, E.A. Magnier, K. Maguire, P.A. Mazzali, C. McCully, D. Milisavljevic, K.W. Smith, S. Taubenberger, S. Valenti, R.J. Wainscoat, O. Yaron, D.R. Young, Superluminous supernova SN 2015bn in the nebular phase: evidence for the engine-powered explosion of a stripped massive star. Astrophys. J. Lett. 828, L18 (2016a). 1608.02995. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/828/2/L18

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, E. Berger, S.J. Smartt, R. Margutti, A. Kamble, K.D. Alexander, T.W. Chen, C. Inserra, I. Arcavi, P.K. Blanchard, R. Cartier, K.C. Chambers, M.J. Childress, R. Chornock, P.S. Cowperthwaite, M. Drout, H.A. Flewelling, M. Fraser, A. Gal-Yam, L. Galbany, J. Harmanen, T.W.S. Holoien, G. Hosseinzadeh, D.A. Howell, M.E. Huber, A. Jerkstrand, E. Kankare, C.S. Kochanek, Z.Y. Lin, R. Lunnan, E.A. Magnier, K. Maguire, C. McCully, M. McDonald, B.D. Metzger, D. Milisavljevic, A. Mitra, T. Reynolds, J. Saario, B.J. Shappee, K.W. Smith, S. Valenti, V.A. Villar, C. Waters, D.R. Young, SN 2015BN: a detailed multi-wavelength view of a nearby superluminous supernova. Astrophys. J. 826, 39 (2016b). 1603.04748. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/39

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, E. Berger, R. Margutti, P.K. Blanchard, J. Guillochon, J. Leja, R. Chornock, The superluminous supernova SN 2017egm in the nearby galaxy NGC 3191: a metal-rich environment can support a typical SLSN evolution. Astrophys. J. Lett. 845, L8 (2017a). 1706.08517. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa82b1

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Nicholl, J. Guillochon, E. Berger, The magnetar model for Type I superluminous supernovae. I. Bayesian analysis of the full multicolor light-curve sample with MOSFiT. Astrophys. J. 850, 55 (2017b). 1706.00825. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9334

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E.O. Ofek, P.B. Cameron, M.M. Kasliwal, A. Gal-Yam, A. Rau, S.R. Kulkarni, D.A. Frail, P. Chandra, S.B. Cenko, A.M. Soderberg, S. Immler, SN 2006gy: an extremely luminous supernova in the galaxy NGC 1260. Astrophys. J. Lett. 659, L13–L16 (2007). astro-ph/0612408. https://doi.org/10.1086/516749

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.P. Ostriker, J.E. Gunn, Do pulsars make supernovae? Astrophys. J. Lett. 164, L95 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1086/180699

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Ouyed, M. Kostka, N. Koning, D.A. Leahy, W. Steffen, Quark nova imprint in the extreme supernova explosion SN 2006gy. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 423, 1652–1662 (2012). 1010.5530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20986.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.C. Pan, R.J. Foley, M. Smith, L. Galbany, C.B. D’Andrea, S. González-Gaitán, M.J. Jarvis, R. Kessler, E. Kovacs, C. Lidman R.C. Nichol, A. Papadopoulos, M. Sako, M. Sullivan, T.M.C. Abbott, F.B. Abdalla, J. Annis, K. Bechtol, A. Benoit-Lévy, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, F.J. Castander, C.E. Cunha, L.N. da Costa, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, P. Doel, T.F. Eifler, D.A. Finley, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, D.A. Goldstein, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, D.J. James, A.G. Kim, E. Krause, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, M. Lima, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, J.L. Marshall, P. Martini, R. Miquel, P. Nugent, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, R.C. Smith, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, R.C. Thomas, A.R. Walker (DES Collaboration), DES15E2mlf: a spectroscopically confirmed superluminous supernova that exploded 3.5 Gyr after the Big Bang. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 470, 4241–4250 (2017). 1707.06649. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1467

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pastorello, S.J. Smartt, M.T. Botticella, K. Maguire, M. Fraser, K. Smith, R. Kotak, L. Magill, S. Valenti, D.R. Young, S. Gezari, F. Bresolin, R. Kudritzki, D.A. Howell, A. Rest, N. Metcalfe, S. Mattila, E. Kankare, K.Y. Huang, Y. Urata, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, T. Dombeck, H. Flewelling, T. Grav, J.N. Heasley, K.W. Hodapp, N. Kaiser, G.A. Luppino, R.H. Lupton, E.A. Magnier, D.G. Monet, J.S. Morgan, P.M. Onaka, P.A. Price, P.H. Rhoads, W.A. Siegmund, C.W. Stubbs, W.E. Sweeney, J.L. Tonry, R.J. Wainscoat, M.F. Waterson, C. Waters, C.G. Wynn-Williams, Ultra-bright optical transients are linked with Type Ic supernovae. Astrophys. J. Lett. 724, L16–L21 (2010). 1008.2674. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/724/1/L16

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Pastorello, X.F. Wang, F. Ciabattari, D. Bersier, P.A. Mazzali, X. Gao, Z. Xu, J.J. Zhang, S. Tokuoka, S. Benetti, E. Cappellaro, N. Elias-Rosa, A. Harutyunyan, F. Huang, M. Miluzio, J. Mo, P. Ochner, L. Tartaglia, G. Terreran, L. Tomasella, M. Turatto, Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium—IX. SN 2014av, and characterization of Type Ibn SNe. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 456, 853–869 (2016). 1509.09069. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2634

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.A. Perley, R.M. Quimby, L. Yan, P.M. Vreeswijk, A. De Cia, R. Lunnan, A. Gal-Yam, O. Yaron, A.V. Filippenko, M.L. Graham, R. Laher, P.E. Nugent, Host-galaxy properties of 32 low-redshift superluminous supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory. Astrophys. J. 830, 13 (2016). 1604.08207. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/1/13

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.L. Piro, Using double-peaked supernova light curves to study extended material. Astrophys. J. Lett. 808, L51 (2015). 1505.07103. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/808/2/L51

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Porth, S.S. Komissarov, R. Keppens, Rayleigh-Taylor instability in magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the Crab nebula. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 443, 547–558 (2014). 1405.4029. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1082

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Prajs, M. Sullivan, M. Smith, A. Levan, N.V. Karpenka, T.D.P. Edwards, C.R. Walker, W.M. Wolf, C. Balland, R. Carlberg, D.A. Howell, C. Lidman, R. Pain, C. Pritchet, V. Ruhlmann-Kleider, The volumetric rate of superluminous supernovae at \(z \sim1\). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 464, 3568–3579 (2017). 1605.05250. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1942

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Quimby, The Texas Supernova Search. PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin (2006)

  • R.M. Quimby, S.R. Kulkarni, M.M. Kasliwal, A. Gal-Yam, I. Arcavi, M. Sullivan, P. Nugent, R. Thomas, D.A. Howell, E. Nakar, L. Bildsten, C. Theissen, N.M. Law, R. Dekany, G. Rahmer, D. Hale, R. Smith, E.O. Ofek, J. Zolkower, V. Velur, R. Walters, J. Henning, K. Bui, D. McKenna, D. Poznanski, S.B. Cenko, D. Levitan, Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions. Nature 474, 487–489 (2011). 0910.0059. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10095

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Quimby, F. Yuan, C. Akerlof, J.C. Wheeler, Rates of superluminous supernovae at \(z \sim0.2\). Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431, 912–922 (2013). 1302.0911. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt213

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R.M. Quimby, A. De Cia, A. Gal-Yam, G. Leloudas, R. Lunnan, D.A. Perley, P.M. Vreeswijk, L. Yan, J.S. Bloom, S.B. Cenko, J. Cooke, R. Ellis, A.V. Filippenko, M.M. Kasliwal, I.K.W. Kleiser, S.R. Kulkarni, T. Matheson, P.E. Nugent, Y.C. Pan, J.M. Silverman, A. Sternberg, M. Sullivan, O. Yaron, Spectra of hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory. ArXiv e-prints. 1802.07820 (2018)

  • G. Rakavy, G. Shaviv, Instabilities in highly evolved stellar models. Astrophys. J. 148, 803 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1086/149204

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Renault-Tinacci, K. Kotera, A. Neronov, S. Ando, Search for gamma-ray emission from super-luminous supernovae with the Fermi-LAT. ArXiv e-prints. 1708.08971 (2017)

  • A. Rest, R.J. Foley, S. Gezari, G. Narayan, B. Draine, K. Olsen, M.E. Huber, T. Matheson, A. Garg, D.L. Welch, A.C. Becker, P. Challis, A. Clocchiatti, K.H. Cook, G. Damke, M. Meixner, G. Miknaitis, D. Minniti, L. Morelli, S. Nikolaev, G. Pignata, J.L. Prieto, R.C. Smith, C. Stubbs, N.B. Suntzeff, A.R. Walker, W.M. Wood-Vasey, A. Zenteno, L. Wyrzykowski, A. Udalski, M.K. Szymański, M. Kubiak, G. Pietrzyński, I. Soszyński, O. Szewczyk, K. Ulaczyk, R. Poleski, Pushing the boundaries of conventional core-collapse supernovae: the extremely energetic supernova SN 2003ma. Astrophys. J. 729, 88 (2011). 0911.2002. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/729/2/88

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.P. Reynolds, Dynamical Evolution and Radiative Processes of Supernova Remnants (Springer, Cham, 2016), pp. 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20794-0_89-1

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Richardson, R.L. Jenkins III, J. Wright, L. Maddox, Absolute-magnitude distributions of supernovae. Astron. J. 147, 118 (2014). 1403.5755. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/118

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • R. Roy, J. Sollerman, J.M. Silverman, A. Pastorello, C. Fransson, A. Drake, F. Taddia, C. Fremling, E. Kankare, B. Kumar, E. Cappellaro, S. Bose, S. Benetti, A.V. Filippenko, S. Valenti, A. Nyholm, M. Ergon, F. Sutaria, B. Kumar, S.B. Pandey, M. Nicholl, D. Garcia-Álvarez, L. Tomasella, E. Karamehmetoglu, K. Migotto, SN 2012aa: a transient between Type Ibc core-collapse and superluminous supernovae. Astron. Astrophys. 596, A67 (2016). 1607.00924. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201527947

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Scannapieco, P. Madau, S. Woosley, A. Heger, A. Ferrara, The detectability of pair-production supernovae at \(z \lesssim6\). Astrophys. J. 633, 1031–1041 (2005). astro-ph/0507182. https://doi.org/10.1086/444450

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S. Schulze, T. Krühler, G. Leloudas, J. Gorosabel, A. Mehner, J. Buchner, S. Kim, E. Ibar, R. Amorín, R. Herrero-Illana, J.P. Anderson, F.E. Bauer, L. Christensen, M. de Pasquale, A. de Ugarte Postigo, A. Gallazzi, J. Hjorth, N. Morrell, D. Malesani, M. Sparre, B. Stalder, A.A. Stark, C.C. Thöne, J.C. Wheeler, Cosmic evolution and metal aversion in superluminous supernova host galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 473, 1258–1285 (2018). 1612.05978. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2352

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D. Scovacricchi, R.C. Nichol, D. Bacon, M. Sullivan, S. Prajs, Cosmology with superluminous supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 456, 1700–1707 (2016). 1511.06670. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2752

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, S.P. Owocki, On the role of continuum-driven eruptions in the evolution of very massive stars and Population III stars. Astrophys. J. Lett. 645, L45–L48 (2006). astro-ph/0606174. https://doi.org/10.1086/506523

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, W. Li, R.J. Foley, J.C. Wheeler, D. Pooley, R. Chornock, A.V. Filippenko, J.M. Silverman, R. Quimby, J.S. Bloom, C. Hansen, SN 2006gy: discovery of the most luminous supernova ever recorded, powered by the death of an extremely massive star like \(\eta \) Carinae. Astrophys. J. 666, 1116–1128 (2007). astro-ph/0612617. https://doi.org/10.1086/519949

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, R. Chornock, W. Li, M. Ganeshalingam, J.M. Silverman, R.J. Foley, A.V. Filippenko, A.J. Barth, SN 2006tf: precursor eruptions and the optically thick regime of extremely luminous Type IIn supernovae. Astrophys. J. 686, 467–484 (2008a). 0804.0042. https://doi.org/10.1086/591021

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, R.J. Foley, J.S. Bloom, W. Li, A.V. Filippenko, R. Gavazzi, A. Ghez, Q. Konopacky, M.A. Malkan, P.J. Marshall, D. Pooley, T. Treu, J.H. Woo, Late-time observations of SN 2006gy: still going strong. Astrophys. J. 686, 485–491 (2008b). 0802.1743. https://doi.org/10.1086/590141

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, R. Chornock, J.M. Silverman, A.V. Filippenko, R.J. Foley, Spectral evolution of the extraordinary Type IIn supernova 2006gy. Astrophys. J. 709, 856–883 (2010). 0906.2200. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/709/2/856

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Smith, W. Li, J.M. Silverman, M. Ganeshalingam, A.V. Filippenko, Luminous blue variable eruptions and related transients: diversity of progenitors and outburst properties. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 415, 773–810 (2011). 1010.3718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18763.x

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Smith, M. Sullivan, C.B. D’Andrea, F.J. Castander, R. Casas, S. Prajs, A. Papadopoulos, R.C. Nichol, N.V. Karpenka, S.R. Bernard, P. Brown, R. Cartier, J. Cooke, C. Curtin, T.M. Davis, D.A. Finley, R.J. Foley, A. Gal-Yam, D.A. Goldstein, S. González-Gaitán, R.R. Gupta, D.A. Howell, C. Inserra, R. Kessler, C. Lidman, J. Marriner, P. Nugent, T.A. Pritchard, M. Sako, S. Smartt, R.C. Smith, H. Spinka, R.C. Thomas, R.C. Wolf, A. Zenteno, T.M.C. Abbott, A. Benoit-Lévy, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, M. Crocce, C.E. Cunha, L.N. da Costa, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, P. Doel, J. Estrada, A.E. Evrard, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, D.J. James, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, T.S. Li, J.L. Marshall, P. Martini, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, B. Nord, R. Ogando, A.A. Plazas, K. Reil, A.K. Romer, A. Roodman, E.S. Rykoff, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, A.R. Walker, W. Wester (DES Collaboration), DES14X3taz: a Type I superluminous supernova showing a luminous, rapidly cooling initial pre-peak bump. Astrophys. J. Lett. 818, L8 (2016). 1512.06043. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/818/1/L8

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • M. Smith, M. Sullivan, R.C. Nichol, L. Galbany, C.B. D’Andrea, C. Inserra, C. Lidman, A. Rest, M. Schirmer, A.V. Filippenko, W. Zheng, S.B. Cenko, C.R. Angus, P.J. Brown, T.M. Davis, D.A. Finley, R.J. Foley, S. González-Gaitán, C.P. Gutiérrez, R. Kessler, S. Kuhlmann, J. Marriner, A. Möller, P.E. Nugent, S. Prajs, R. Thomas, R. Wolf, A. Zenteno, T.M.C. Abbott, F.B. Abdalla, S. Allam, J. Annis, K. Bechtol, A. Benoit-Lévy, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, F.J. Castander, M. Crocce, C.E. Cunha, L.N. da Costa, C. Davis, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, P. Doel, T.F. Eifler, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D.A. Goldstein, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, K. Honscheid, D.J. James, M.W.G. Johnson, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, T.S. Li, M. Lima, M.A.G. Maia, J.L. Marshall, P. Martini, F. Menanteau, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, R.L.C. Ogando, D. Petravick, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, E.S. Rykoff, M. Sako, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, R. Schindler, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, R.C. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, A.R. Walker, The DES Collaboration, Studying the ultraviolet spectrum of the first spectroscopically confirmed supernova at redshift two. Astrophys. J. 854, 37 (2018). arXiv:1712.04535. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa126

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A.M. Soderberg, S.R. Kulkarni, E. Nakar, E. Berger, P.B. Cameron, D.B. Fox, D. Frail, A. Gal-Yam, R. Sari, S.B. Cenko, M. Kasliwal, R.A. Chevalier, T. Piran, P.A. Price, B.P. Schmidt, G. Pooley, D.S. Moon, B.E. Penprase, E. Ofek, A. Rau, N. Gehrels, J.A. Nousek, D.N. Burrows, S.E. Persson, P.J. McCarthy, Relativistic ejecta from X-ray flash XRF 060218 and the rate of cosmic explosions. Nature 442, 1014–1017 (2006). arXiv:astro-ph/0604389. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05087

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Soker, A. Gilkis, Magnetar-powered superluminous supernovae must first be exploded by jets. Astrophys. J. 851, 95 (2017). arXiv:1708.08356. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa9c83

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • E. Sorokina, S. Blinnikov, K. Nomoto, R. Quimby, A. Tolstov, Type I superluminous supernovae as explosions inside non-hydrogen circumstellar envelopes. Astrophys. J. 829, 17 (2016). 1510.00834. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/17

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Spitkovsky, Time-dependent force-free pulsar magnetospheres: axisymmetric and oblique rotators. Astrophys. J. Lett. 648, L51–L54 (2006). astro-ph/0603147. https://doi.org/10.1086/507518

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Suzuki, K. Maeda, Supernova ejecta with a relativistic wind from a central compact object: a unified picture for extraordinary supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 466, 2633–2657 (2017). 1612.03911. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3259

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • F. Taddia, J. Sollerman, G. Leloudas, M.D. Stritzinger, S. Valenti, L. Galbany, R. Kessler, D.P. Schneider, J.C. Wheeler, Early-time light curves of Type Ib/c supernovae from the SDSS-II Supernova Survey. Astron. Astrophys. 574, A60 (2015). 1408.4084. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423915

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • K. Takahashi, T. Yoshida, H. Umeda, K. Sumiyoshi, S. Yamada, Exact and approximate expressions of energy generation rates and their impact on the explosion properties of pair instability supernovae. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 456, 1320–1331 (2016). 1511.03040. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv2649

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • G. Terreran, M.L. Pumo, T.W. Chen, T.J. Moriya, F. Taddia, L. Dessart, L. Zampieri, S.J. Smartt, S. Benetti, C. Inserra, E. Cappellaro, M. Nicholl, M. Fraser, Ł. Wyrzykowski, A. Udalski, D.A. Howell, C. McCully, S. Valenti, G. Dimitriadis, K. Maguire, M. Sullivan, K.W. Smith, O. Yaron, D.R. Young, J.P. Anderson, M. Della Valle, N. Elias-Rosa, A. Gal-Yam, A. Jerkstrand, E. Kankare, A. Pastorello, J. Sollerman, M. Turatto, Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, S. Kozłowski, P. Mróz, M. Pawlak, P. Pietrukowicz, R. Poleski, D. Skowron, J. Skowron, I. Soszyński, M.K. Szymański, K. Ulaczyk, Hydrogen-rich supernovae beyond the neutrino-driven core-collapse paradigm. Nat. Astron. 1, 713–720 (2017). 1709.10475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-017-0228-8

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • C.C. Thöne, A. de Ugarte Postigo, R. García-Benito, G. Leloudas, S. Schulze, R. Amorín, A young stellar environment for the superluminous supernova PTF12dam. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 451, L65–L69 (2015). 1411.1104. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv051

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Tolstov, S. Blinnikov, S. Nagataki, K. Nomoto, Shock wave structure in astrophysical flows with an account of photon transfer. Astrophys. J. 811, 47 (2015). 1412.1434. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/47

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Tolstov, K. Nomoto, S. Blinnikov, E. Sorokina, R. Quimby, P. Baklanov, Pulsational pair-instability model for superluminous supernova PTF12dam: interaction and radioactive decay. Astrophys. J. 835, 266 (2017a). 1612.01634. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/266

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • A. Tolstov, A. Zhiglo, K. Nomoto, E. Sorokina, A. Kozyreva, S. Blinnikov, Ultraviolet light curves of Gaia16apd in superluminous supernova models. Astrophys. J. Lett. 845, L2 (2017b). 1707.05746. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa808e

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • H. Umeda, K. Nomoto, How much 56Ni can be produced in core-collapse supernovae? Evolution and explosions of \(30\mbox{--}100 M_{\odot}\) stars. Astrophys. J. 673, 1014–1022 (2008). 0707.2598. https://doi.org/10.1086/524767

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.S. Vink (ed.), Very Massive Stars in the Local Universe. Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 412 (Springer, Berlin, 2015). 1406.4836. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09596-7

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Vlasis, L. Dessart, E. Audit, Two-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations of superluminous interacting supernovae of Type IIn. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 458, 1253–1266 (2016). 1602.05864. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw410

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Vreeswijk, S. Savaglio, A. Gal-Yam, A. De Cia, R.M. Quimby, M. Sullivan, S.B. Cenko, D.A. Perley, A.V. Filippenko, K.I. Clubb, F. Taddia, J. Sollerman, G. Leloudas, I. Arcavi, A. Rubin, M.M. Kasliwal, Y. Cao, O. Yaron, D. Tal, E.O. Ofek, J. Capone, A.S. Kutyrev, V. Toy, P.E. Nugent, R. Laher, J. Surace, S.R. Kulkarni, The hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova iPTF 13ajg and its host galaxy in absorption and emission. Astrophys. J. 797, 24 (2014). 1409.8287. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/24

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • P.M. Vreeswijk, G. Leloudas, A. Gal-Yam, A. De Cia, D.A. Perley, R.M. Quimby, R. Waldman, M. Sullivan, L. Yan, E.O. Ofek, C. Fremling, F. Taddia, J. Sollerman, S. Valenti, I. Arcavi, D.A. Howell, A.V. Filippenko, S.B. Cenko, O. Yaron, M.M. Kasliwal, Y. Cao, S. Ben-Ami, A. Horesh, A. Rubin, R. Lunnan, P.E. Nugent, R. Laher, U.D. Rebbapragada, P. Woźniak, S.R. Kulkarni, On the early-time excess emission in hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae. Astrophys. J. 835, 58 (2017). 1609.08145. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/835/1/58

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.Q. Wang, L.J. Wang, Z.G. Dai, X.F. Wu, Superluminous supernovae powered by magnetars: late-time light curves and hard emission leakage. Astrophys. J. 799, 107 (2015). 1411.5126. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/799/1/107

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T.A. Weaver, The structure of supernova shock waves. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 32, 233–282 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1086/190398

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.J. Wei, X.F. Wu, F. Melia, Testing cosmological models with Type Ic super luminous supernovae. Astron. J. 149, 165 (2015). arXiv:1503.06378. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/165

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • D.J. Whalen, J. Smidt, A. Heger, R. Hirschi, N. Yusof, W. Even, C.L. Fryer, M. Stiavelli, K.J. Chen, C.C. Joggerst, Pair-instability supernovae in the local universe. Astrophys. J. 797, 9 (2014). 1312.5360. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/9

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • J.C. Wheeler, E. Chatzopoulos, J. Vinkó, R. Tuminello, Circumstellar interaction models for the bolometric light curve of Type I superluminous SN 2017egm. Astrophys. J. Lett. 851, L14 (2017). 1710.04994. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9d84

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.E. Woosley, Bright supernovae from magnetar birth. Astrophys. J. Lett. 719, L204–L207 (2010). 0911.0698. https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/719/2/L204

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.E. Woosley, Pulsational pair-instability supernovae. Astrophys. J. 836, 244 (2017). 1608.08939. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/836/2/244

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.E. Woosley, S. Blinnikov, A. Heger, Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae. Nature 450, 390–392 (2007). 0710.3314. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06333

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Yan, R. Quimby, E. Ofek, A. Gal-Yam, P. Mazzali, D. Perley, P.M. Vreeswijk, G. Leloudas, A. de Cia, F. Masci, S.B. Cenko, Y. Cao, S.R. Kulkarni, P.E. Nugent, U.D. Rebbapragada, P.R. Woźniak, O. Yaron, Detection of broad H\(\alpha\) emission lines in the late-time spectra of a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova. Astrophys. J. 814, 108 (2015). 1508.04420. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/108

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Yan, R. Lunnan, D.A. Perley, A. Gal-Yam, O. Yaron, R. Roy, R. Quimby, J. Sollerman, C. Fremling, G. Leloudas, S.B. Cenko, P. Vreeswijk, M.L. Graham, D.A. Howell, A. De Cia, E.O. Ofek, P. Nugent, S.R. Kulkarni, G. Hosseinzadeh, F. Masci, C. McCully, U.D. Rebbapragada, P. Woźniak, Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae with late-time H\(\alpha\) emission: three events from the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory. Astrophys. J. 848, 6 (2017a). 1704.05061. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8993

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • L. Yan, D.A. Perley, A. De Cia, R. Quimby, R. Lunnan, K.H.R. Rubin, P.J. Brown, Far-UV HST spectroscopy of an unusual hydrogen poor superluminous supernova: SN2017egm. ArXiv e-prints. 1711.01534 (2017b)

  • L. Yan, R. Quimby, A. Gal-Yam, P. Brown, N. Blagorodnova, E.O. Ofek, R. Lunnan, J. Cooke, S.B. Cenko, J. Jencson, M. Kasliwal, Far-ultraviolet to near-infrared spectroscopy of a nearby hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova Gaia16apd. Astrophys. J. 840, 57 (2017c). 1611.02782. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6b02

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • O. Yaron, A. Gal-Yam, WISeREP—an interactive supernova data repository. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pac. 124, 668 (2012). 1204.1891. https://doi.org/10.1086/666656

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • S.C. Yoon, A. Dierks, N. Langer, Evolution of massive Population III stars with rotation and magnetic fields. Astron. Astrophys. 542, A113 (2012). 1201.2364. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201117769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D.R. Young, S.J. Smartt, S. Valenti, A. Pastorello, S. Benetti, C.R. Benn, D. Bersier, M.T. Botticella, R.L.M. Corradi, A.H. Harutyunyan, M. Hrudkova, I. Hunter, S. Mattila, E.J.W. de Mooij, H. Navasardyan, I.A.G. Snellen, N.R. Tanvir, L. Zampieri, Two type Ic supernovae in low-metallicity, dwarf galaxies: diversity of explosions. Astron. Astrophys. 512, A70 (2010). 0910.2248. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913004

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.W. Yu, S.Z. Li, A possible relation between flare activity in superluminous supernovae and gamma-ray bursts. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 470, 197–201 (2017). arXiv:1607.00626. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1028

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Y.W. Yu, J.P. Zhu, S.Z. Li, H.J. Lü, Y.C. Zou, A statistical study of superluminous supernovae using the magnetar engine model and implications for their connection with gamma-ray bursts and hypernovae. Astrophys. J. 840, 12 (2017). arXiv:1704.01682. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6c27

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • N. Yusof, R. Hirschi, G. Meynet, P.A. Crowther, S. Ekström, U. Frischknecht, C. Georgy, H. Abu Kassim, O. Schnurr, Evolution and fate of very massive stars. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433, 1114–1132 (2013). 1305.2099. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt794

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • T. Zhang, X. Wang, C. Wu, J. Chen, J. Chen, Q. Liu, F. Huang, J. Liang, X. Zhao, L. Lin, M. Wang, M. Dennefeld, J. Zhang, M. Zhai, H. Wu, Z. Fan, H. Zou, X. Zhou, J. Ma, Type IIn Supernova SN 2010jl: optical observations for over 500 days after explosion. Astron. J. 144, 131 (2012). 1208.6078. https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/144/5/131

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This review made use of the Weizmann interactive supernova data repository—http://wiserep.weizmann.ac.il (Yaron and Gal-Yam 2012) and the Open Supernova Catalog—https://sne.space/ (Guillochon et al. 2017). TJM is supported by the Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16H07413, 17H02864) and the Munich Institute for Astro- and Particle Physics (MIAPP) of the DFG cluster of excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe.” The work of ES (interaction models) is supported by the Russian Scientific Foundation grant 16–12–10519. RAC was supported in part by NASA grant NNX12AF90G.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Theoretical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan

    Takashi J. Moriya

  2. Sternberg Astronomical Institute, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Universitetski pr. 13, 119234, Moscow, Russia

    Elena I. Sorokina

  3. Department of Astronomy, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400325, Charlottesville, VA, 22904-4325, USA

    Roger A. Chevalier

Authors
  1. Takashi J. Moriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elena I. Sorokina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Roger A. Chevalier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Takashi J. Moriya.

Additional information

T.J. Moriya is a NAOJ Fellow.

Supernovae

Edited by Andrei Bykov, Roger Chevalier, John Raymond, Friedrich-Karl Thielemann, Maurizio Falanga and Rudolf von Steiger

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Moriya, T.J., Sorokina, E.I. & Chevalier, R.A. Superluminous Supernovae. Space Sci Rev 214, 59 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0493-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-018-0493-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation