Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Preference for the Diversity Policy Label Versus the Affirmative Action Policy Label

  • Published:
Social Justice Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Study 1 assessed associations with the labels “diversity policy” (DP) and “affirmative action policy” (AAP) and perceptions of potential policy components. Student and community participants (N = 143) completed a survey assessing associations with one of the policy labels. Both policies evoked similar associations such as “race/minorities” and “equality/equal opportunity,” but the AAP was more often associated with “bias/inequality/discrimination,” “unfairness,” and “racism/prejudice.” When rating potential policy components, reverse discrimination was considered more likely under the AAP. In Study 2 we explored the evaluation of equivalent policy components associated with different policy labels. Student participants (N = 126) rated the policy labeled as the DP more favorably than the AAP. Both studies suggest more favorable attitudes toward the DP label.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aberson, C. L. (2007a). Diversity experiences predict changes in attitudes toward affirmative action. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 285–294. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aberson, C. L. (2007b). Diversity, merit, fairness, and discrimination beliefs as predictors of support for affirmative-action policy actions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(10), 2451–2474. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00266.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arriola, K., & Cole, E. R. (2001). Framing the affirmative-action debate: Attitudes toward out-group members and White identity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31(12), 2462–2483. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2001.tb00185.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, M., Harrison, D., & McLaughlin, M. (2000). Forming, changing, and acting on attitude toward affirmative action programs in employment: A theory-driven approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(5), 784–798. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.5.784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bobocel, D. R., Son Hing, L. S., Davey, L. M., Stanley, D. J., & Zanna, M. P. (1998). Justice-based opposition to social policies: Is it genuine?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(3), 653–669. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.3.653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, M. A., & Pyle, J. L. (1998). Diversity dilemmas at work. Journal of Management Inquiry, 7(3), 252–269. doi:10.1177/10564926987300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridglall, B. L. (2007). Affirmative development as an alternative to affirmative action. In E. W. Gordon, B. L. Bridglall, E. W. Gordon, & B. L. Bridglall (Eds.), Affirmative development: Cultivating academic ability (pp. 73–94). Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

    Google Scholar 

  • Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment Diversity Policy. http://sites.google.com/site/cdphehumanresources/equal-oppurtunity-employment-and-affirmative-action-policy.

  • Combs, G. M., & Nadkarni, S. (2005). The tale of two cultures: Attitudes towards affirmative action in the United States and India. Journal of World Business, 40, 158–171. doi:10.1016/j.jwb.2005.02.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cropanzano, R., Slaughter, J. E., & Bachiochi, P. D. (2005). Organizational justice and black applicants’ reactions to affirmative action. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1168–1184. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.90.6.1168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J. (1994). Understanding affirmative action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15, 13–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crosby, F. J., Iyer, A., Clayton, S., & Downing, R. A. (2003). Affirmative action: Psychological data and the policy debates. American Psychologist, 58(2), 93–115. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.58.2.93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D. C. (2003). A comparison of the other-directed stigmatization produced by legal and illegal forms of affirmative action. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(1), 121–130. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.1.121.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Federico, C. M., & Sidanius, J. (2002). Sophistication and the antecedents of Whites’ racial policy attitudes: Racism, ideology, and affirmative action in America. Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(2), 145–176. doi:10.1086/339848.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher v. University of Texas, No. 11-345 (2012).

  • Fried, Y., Levi, A., Billings, S. W., & Browne, K. R. (2001). The relation between political ideology and attitudes toward affirmative action among African-Americans: The moderating effect of racial discrimination in the workplace. Human Relations, 54, 561–584. doi:10.1177/0018726701545002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamliel, E. (2007). To accept or to reject: The effect of framing on attitudes toward affirmative action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(4), 683–702. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00180.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, L. T., Erskine, N., Hawn, K., & Casmay, S. R. (1981). The effect of affirmative action on attributions about minority group members. Journal of Personality, 49, 427–437. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00224.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, J. A., & Stead, B. A. (1999). Stigmatization revisited: Does diversity management make a difference in applicant success? Group and Organization Management, 24(2), 239–256. doi:10.1177/1059601199242006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 US 244. (2003).

  • Grutter v. Bollinger, 288 F.3d 732. (2003).

  • Haley, H., & Sidanius, J. (2006). The positive and negative framing of affirmative action: A group dominance perspective. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(5), 656–668. doi:10.1177/0146167205283442.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. V., Phillips, K. W., & Townsend, S. M. (2015). A rose by any other name?: The consequences of subtyping ‘African-Americans’ from ‘Blacks’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.10.004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D., Kravitz, D., Mayer, D., Leslie, L., & Lev-Arey, D. (2006). Understanding attitudes toward affirmative action programs in employment: Summary and meta-analysis of 35 years of research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 1013–1036. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.91.5.1013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays-Thomas, R. (2004). Why now? The contemporary focus on managing diversity. In M. S. Stockdate & F. J. Crosby (Eds.), The psychology and management of workplace diversity (pp. 3–30). Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., & Lucas, J. A. (1992). Presumed incompetent? Stigmatization and affirmative action efforts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77, 536–544. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.4.536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • James, E. H., Brief, A. P., Dietz, J., & Cohen, R. R. (2001). Prejudice matters: Understanding the reactions of Whites to affirmative action programs targeted to benefit Blacks. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1120–1128. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kidder, D. L., Lankau, M. J., Chrobot-Mason, D., Mollica, K. A., & Friedman, R. A. (2004). Backlash toward diversity initiatives: Examining the impact of diversity program justification, personal and group outcomes. International Journal of Conflict Management, 15(1), 77–102. doi:10.1108/eb022908.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1990). Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of White opinion on affirmative action for Blacks. Social Cognition, 8(1), 73–103. doi:10.1521/soco.1990.8.1.73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kluegel, J. R., & Smith, E. R. (1983). Affirmative action attitudes: Effects of self-interest, racial affect, and stratification beliefs on Whites’ views. Social Forces, 61, 797–824. doi:10.2307/2578135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, J., & Hebl, M. (2005). Affirmative reaction: The influence of type of justification on nonbeneficiary attitudes toward affirmative action plans in higher education. Journal of Social Issues, 61(3), 547–568. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00420.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. A. (1995). Attitudes toward affirmative action plans directed at Blacks: Effects of plan and individual differences. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 2192–2220. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01833.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. A., Harrison, D. A., Turner, M. E., Levine, E. L., Brannick, M. T., Denning, D. L., et al. (1997). Affirmative action: A review of psychological and behavioral research. Bowling Green: Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D., Klineberg, S., Avery, D., Nguyen, A., Lund, C., & Fu, E. (2000). Attitudes toward affirmative action: Correlations with demographic variables and with beliefs about targets, actions, and economic effects. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(6), 1109–1136. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02513.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kravitz, D. A., & Platania, J. (1993). Attitudes and beliefs about affirmative action: Effects of target and of respondent sex and ethnicity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 928–938. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.78.6.928.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linnehan, F., & Konrad, A. M. (1999). Diluting diversity: Implications for intergroup inequality in organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry, 8(4), 399. doi:10.1177/105649269984009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lowery, B., Unzueta, M., Knowles, E., & Goff, P. (2006). Concern for the in-group and opposition to affirmative action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(6), 961–974. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.961.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mor Barak, M. E. (2011). Managing diversity: Toward a globally inclusive workplace. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, K. R., & Chung, A. H. (2011). ‘White’ or ‘European American’? Self-identifying labels influence majority group members’ interethnic attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(1), 165–170. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2010.07.019.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murrell, A. J., Dietz-Uhler, B. L., Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., & Drout, C. (1994). Aversive racism and resistance to affirmative action: Perceptions of justice are not necessarily color Blind. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 15(1 & 2), 71–86. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1501&2_4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemann, Y. F., & Dovidio, J. F. (1998). Tenure, race/ethnicity and attitudes toward affirmative action: A matter of self-interest? Sociological Perspectives, 41, 783–796. doi:10.2307/1389670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ponterotto, J. G., Martinez, F. M., & Hayden, D. C. (1986). Student affirmative action programs: A help or hindrance to development of minority graduate students? Journal of College Student Personnel, 27, 318–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265. (1978).

  • Richardson, J. D. (2005). Switching social identities: The influence of editorial framing on reader attitudes toward affirmative action and African Americans. Communication Research, 32(4), 503–528. doi:10.1177/0093650205277321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rios, K. (2013). Right-wing authoritarianism predicts prejudice against ‘homosexuals’ but not ‘gay men and lesbians’. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(6), 1177–1183. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2013.05.013.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt, M. T., Lehmiller, J. J., & Walsh, A. L. (2007). The role of heterosexual identity threat in differential support for same-sex ‘civil unions’ versus ‘marriages’. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 10(4), 443–455. doi:10.1177/1368430207081534.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 476–490. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.476.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slaughter, J. E., Bulger, C. A., & Bachiochi, P. D. (2005). Black applicants’ reactions to affirmative action plans: Influence of perceived procedural fairness, anticipated stigmatization, and anticipated remediation of previous injustice. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2437–2476. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2005.tb02110.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suffolk University Diversity Policy. http://www.suffolk.edu/campuslife/37212.html.

  • Summers, R. J. (1995). Attitudes toward different methods of affirmative action. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 1090–1104. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb00619.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Truxillo, D. M., & Bauer, T. N. (1999). Applicant reactions to test scores banding in entry-level and promotional contexts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 322–339. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.84.3.322.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211(4481), 453–458. doi:10.1126/science.7455683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unzueta, M. M., Gutiérrez, A. S., & Ghavami, N. (2010). How believing in affirmative action quotas affects White women’s self-image. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 46(1), 120–126. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.08.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unzueta, M. M., Lowery, B. S., & Knowles, E. D. (2008). How believing in affirmative action quotas protects White men’s self-esteem. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105(1), 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.05.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UPS Diversity Policy. http://responsibility.ups.com/Diversity/Diversity+Policies.

  • Williams, M. L., & Bauer, T. N. (1994). The effect of a managing diversity policy on organizational attractiveness. Group and Organization Management, 19, 295–308. doi:10.1177/1059601194193005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woike, B. A. (2007). Content coding of open-ended responses. In R. W. Robins, R. Fraley, & R. F. Krueger (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in personality psychology (pp. 292–307). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by two grants from the Connecticut State University system AAUP in 2009 and 2013. The authors wish to thank Jonathan Iuzzini for help with data collection and comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. The authors also wish to thank their undergraduate research assistants for their contributions to this project.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Madeleine A. Fugère.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and the APA ethical standards.

Additional information

Portions of this research were presented at the 2009 and 2013 meetings for the Society for Personality and Social Psychology.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fugère, M.A., Cathey, C., Beetham, R. et al. Preference for the Diversity Policy Label Versus the Affirmative Action Policy Label. Soc Just Res 29, 206–227 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-016-0265-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-016-0265-y

Keywords

Navigation