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Abduction as a Mode of Inference in Science Education

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Abstract

The central argument of this article is that abduction as a “mode of inference” is a key element in the nature of scientists’ science and should consequently be introduced in school science. Abduction generally understood as generation and selection of hypotheses permits to articulate the classical scientific contexts of discovery and justification and provides educational insights into scientific methodology, this being a particularly important issue in science teaching. However, abductive reasoning has been marginally treated in the philosophy of science until relatively recently; accordingly, we deem it important to perform an “archaeology” of the concept that considers C. S. Peirce’s seminal contributions. We also choose to review contemporary treatments in order to recognise useful classifications to support more meaningful ways of teaching science and the nature of science. An elucidation of the participation of abductive inferences in knowledge construction seems necessary for us to derive conceptual input for the understanding and design of explanations in school science. Some prospective examples of “school scientific abduction” are discussed in the article through the lens of the results of our theoretical analysis.

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Notes

  1. As a “third way” in the traditional association of deduction with necessity and induction with probability, Peirce recovers Aristotelian abduction construing it as the process of possible inference (cf. Shook 2016, and for the notion of “strength” of such an inference: Peirce 1931-1958 [1903]: CP 5.180-212). In the Peircean framework, abduced conclusions are plausible (weak) and “pursuit-worthy” (i.e. they should be further investigated). From a pragmatist point of view, they lead to courses of action. We thank an anonymous reviewer of our article for their insightful suggestions towards the phrasing of these distinctions.

  2. According to Woosuk Park (2015), this may have been the driving force of Peirce’s monumental studies on abduction.

  3. Classically, knowledge acquired through experience would be considered the core of that background, but it only constitutes a part of the whole cognitive dimension, which also encompasses emotions, feelings, beliefs, expectations, judgements, etc. All these elements of course “load” the inferential mechanisms in the agents, and this particularly holds in the case of reasoning directed towards the recreation of scenarios.

  4. Of course all these considerations are applied to the production of knowledge in general, but they can be smoothly transposed to scientific theorising.

  5. A discussion of the consistent neglect of psychological, ethical, aesthetic, etc., elements in the writings of mainstream logical empiricists can be found in Putnam (2002: chapter 1).

  6. Aliseda (2006: 29–31) identifies abduction in a variety of typified situations: common sense problem-solving, diagnosis, statistical reasoning, and scientific modelling. Medical diagnosis can in itself be reconstructed as an elaborate example of statistical reasoning (p. 29), while scientific discovery would involve producing an explanation “with respect to some body of beliefs” (p. 30) and trying a diversity of options.

  7. For a distinction of process and product in abductive reasoning, see Aliseda (2006: 32–33).

  8. See, for instance, Hanson (1958), Thagard (1988), Aliseda (2006), Sans Pinillos (2017); Rivadulla (2018).

  9. As opposed, for instance, to the more “divergent” process of bricolage proposed by the French anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss (1962), a process through which rather original mythological narratives are created.

  10. Just as astronomy is the preferred arena to exemplify AKM abductions, atomic physics seems to be the discipline used to identify GW abductions (in further examples such as electron orbits or quarks). This curious trait of contemporary academic discussion can probably provide hints to understand the differences in the standard rhetoric present in didactical treatments of the aforementioned historical examples in textbooks and teaching.

  11. In Plato’s (and from Socrates’) work, counterexamples are explicitly identified as a formal tool for the then newly born philosophy, which should be used systematically in argumentation. The mechanics of “counterexample production” can be studied in areas as diverse as Euler’s conjecture on the sum of powers and Wittgenstein’s studies on the nature of “certainty”.

  12. In this article, we will not go deeper into the technical issue of the “virtues” that abduction shows for the inferrers (scientists, students), but we have already mentioned some of them that for us seem fruitful for science education. A clear example is that of tentativeness; abductive reasoning (in the contexts that we present as “analogues” for science) “keeps the trial open” until a satisfactory explanation emerges. This provides an image of the scientific method that is extremely formative for students (and for teachers!).

  13. We take the concept of “theoretical model” from the semantic philosophy of science of the last quarter of the twentieth century (see Adúriz-Bravo, 2013a, 2019; Giere 1988, 1991).

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  1. CONICET/CeFIEC-Instituto de Investigaciones Centro de Formación e Investigación en Enseñanza de Las Ciencias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Agustín Adúriz-Bravo

  2. Sezione di Filosofia, Dipartimento di Studi Umanistici, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy

    Alger Sans Pinillos

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Adúriz-Bravo, A., Sans Pinillos, A. Abduction as a Mode of Inference in Science Education. Sci & Educ 32, 993–1020 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11191-022-00366-8

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