Abstract
The pathways by which Cd is accumulated in rice grain are not well understood, in particular the components attributable to direct transfer from the root, and to remobilisation of Cd previously accumulated in other plant parts. In order to observe the timing of Cd accumulation in rice plants and determine the major period for accumulation of Cd which can be translocated to the grain, Cd was supplied to the roots of rice plants grown under static hydroponic conditions at a non-toxic, environmentally relevant concentration (50 nM), according to three different timing regimes: (1) Pre-flowering Cd, (2) Post-flowering Cd, or (3) Continuous Cd. The rate of accumulation of Cd in the developing grain was monitored by harvesting immature rice panicles at four time points prior to a final harvest. Nearly all grain Cd was accumulated within 16 days of anthesis and the contribution of post-flowering Cd uptake was evident from 7 days after flowering. It was estimated that 60% of the final grain Cd content was remobilised from that accumulated by the plant prior to flowering and the other 40% came from uptake during grain maturation. This study shows that Cd uptake from the root to the grain in rice is indeed possible post-flowering and it is an important source of grain Cd.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adomako EE, Solaiman ARM, Williams PN, Deacon C, Rahman GKMM, Meharg AA (2009) Enhanced transfer of arsenic to grain for Bangladesh grown rice compared to US and EU. Environ Int 35:476–479
Arao T, Kawasaki A, Baba K, Mori S, Matsumoto S (2009) Effects of water management on cadmium and arsenic accumulation and dimethylarsinic acid concentrations in Japanese rice. Environ Sci Technol 43:9361–9367
Chan DY, Hale BA (2004) Differential accumulation of Cd in durum wheat cultivars: uptake and retranslocation as sources of variation. J Exp Bot 55:2571–2579
Chaney RL, Ryan JA, Li Y-M, Brown SL (1999) Soil cadmium as a threat to human health. In: McLaughlin MJ, Singh BR (eds) Cadmium in Soils and Plants. Kluwer, London, pp 219–256
Chino M (1973) The distribution of heavy metals in rice plants influenced by the time and path of supply. J Sci Soil Manure 44:204–210
Chino M (1981) Metal Stress in Rice Plants. In: Kitagishi K, Yamane I (eds) Heavy metals pollution in soils of Japan. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, pp 65–80
Fujimaki S, Suzui N, Ishioka NS, Kawachi N, Ito S, Chino M, Nakamura S (2010) Tracing cadmium from culture to spikelet: noninvasive imaging and quantitative characterization of absorption, transport, and accumulation of cadmium in an intact rice plant. Plant Physiol 152:1796–1806
Harris NS, Taylor GJ (2001) Remobilization of cadmium in maturing shoots of near isogenic lines of durum wheat that differ in grain cadmium accumulation. J Exp Bot 52:1473–1481
Jiang W, Struik PC, Lingna J, van Keulen H, Ming Z, Stomph TJ (2007) Uptake and distribution of root-applied or foliar-applied 65Zn after flowering in aerobic rice. Ann Appl Biol 150:383–391
Jin T, Nordberg G, Ye T, Bo M, Wang H, Zhu G, Kong Q, Bernard A (2004) Osteoporosis and renal dysfunction in a general population exposed to cadmium in China. Environ Res 96:353–359
Kashiwagi T, Shindoh K, Hirotsu N, Ishimaru K (2009) Evidence for separate translocation pathways in determining cadmium accumulation in grain and aerial plant parts in rice. BMC Plant Biol 9:8
Krishnan S, Dayanandan P (2003) Structural and histochemical studies on grain-filling in the caryopsis of rice (Oryza sativa L.). J Biosci (Bangalore) 28:455–469
Kukier U, Chaney RL (2002) Growing rice grain with controlled cadmium concentrations. J Plant Nutr 25:1793–1820
McLaughlin MJ, Lambrechts RM, Smolders E, Smart MK (1998) Effects of sulfate on cadmium uptake by Swiss chard: II. Effects due to sulfate addition to soil. Plant Soil 202:217–222
Miyadate H, Adachi S, Hiraizumi A, Tezuka K, Nakazawa N, Kawamoto T, Katou K, Kodama I, Sakurai K, Takahashi H, Satoh-Nagasawa N, Watanabe A, Fujimura T, Akagi H (2011) OsHMA3, a P1B-type of ATPase affects root-to-shoot cadmium translocation in rice by mediating efflux into vacuoles. New Phytol 189:190–199
Nakanishi H, Ogawa I, Ishimaru Y, Mori S, Nishizawa NK (2006) Iron deficiency enhances cadmium uptake and translocation mediated by the Fe2+ transporters OsIRT1 and OsIRT2 in rice. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 52:464–469
Nordberg G (2003) Cadmium and human health: a perspective based on recent studies in China. J Trace Elem Exp Med 16:307–319
Nordberg G, Jin T, Bernard A, Fierens S, Buchet JP, Ye T, Kong Q, Wang H (2002) Low bone density and renal dysfunction following environmental cadmium exposure in China. Ambio 31:478–481
Nwugo C, Huerta A (2008) Effects of silicon nutrition on cadmium uptake, growth and photosynthesis of rice plants exposed to low-level cadmium. Plant Soil 311:73–86
Oparka KJ, Gates P (1984) Sink anatomy in relation to solute movement in rice (Oryza sativa L.): A summary of findings. Plant Growth Regul 2:297–307
Parker D, Norvell W, Chaney R (1995) GEOCHEM-PC: a chemical speciation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. In: Loeppert RH, Schwab AP, Goldberg S (eds) Chemical equilibrium and reaction models. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 253–269
Pearson JN, Rengel Z, Jenner CF, Graham RD (1995) Transport of zinc and manganese to developing wheat grains. Physiol Plant 95:449–455
Pearson JN, Rengel Z, Jenner CF, Graham RD (1996) Manipulation of xylem transport affects Zn and Mn transport into developing wheat grains of cultured ears. Physiol Plant 98:229–234
Reid RJ, Dunbar KR, McLaughlin MJ (2003) Cadmium loading into potato tubers: the roles of the periderm, xylem and phloem. Plant Cell Environ 26:201–206
Riesen O, Feller U (2005) Redistribution of nickel, cobalt, manganese, zinc, and cadmium via the phloem in young and maturing wheat. J Plant Nutr 28:421–430
Sankaran RP, Ebbs SD (2008) Transport of Cd and Zn to seeds of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) during specific stages of plant growth and development. Physiol Plant 132:69–78
Smolders E, McLaughlin MJ (1996) Effect of Cl on Cd uptake by Swiss chard in nutrient solutions. Plant Soil 179:57–64
Tanaka K, Fujimaki S, Fujiwara T, Yoneyama T, Hayashi H (2007) Quantitative estimation of the contribution of the phloem in cadmium transport to grains in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53:72–77
Stomph TJ, Jiang W, Struik PC (2009) Zinc biofortification of cereals: rice differs from wheat and barley. Trends Plant Sci 14:123–124
Ueno D, Yamaji N, Kono I, Huang CF, Ando T, Yano M, Ma JF (2010) Gene limiting cadmium accumulation in rice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107:16500–16505
Ueno D, Koyama E, Yamaji N, Ma JF (2011) Physiological, genetic, and molecular characterization of a high-Cd-accumulating rice cultivar, Jarjan. J Exp Bot 62:2265–2272
Uraguchi S, Mori S, Kuramata M, Kawasaki A, Arao T, Ishikawa S (2009) Root-to-shoot Cd translocation via the xylem is the major process determining shoot and grain cadmium accumulation in rice. J Exp Bot 60:2677–2688
Williams PN, Lei M, Sun G, Huang Q, Lu Y, Deacon C, Meharg AA, Zhu Y-G (2009) Occurrence and partitioning of cadmium, arsenic and lead in mine impacted paddy rice: Hunan, China. Environ Sci Technol 43:637–642
Wolswinkel P (1999) Long-distance nutrient transport in plants and movement into developing grains. In: Rengel Z (ed) Mineral nutrition of crops: fundamental mechanisms and implications. Food Products Press, New York, pp 91–113
Yoneyama T, Gosho T, Kato M, Goto S, Hayashi H (2010) Xylem and phloem transport of Cd, Zn and Fe into the grains of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) grown in continuously flooded Cd-contaminated soil. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56:445–453
Yoshida S (1976) Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice. IRRI, Los Banos, Philippines
Zee SY (1972) Vascular tissue and transfer cell distribution in the rice spikelet. Aust J Biol Sci 25:411–414
Acknowledgements
This research was supported under Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme (project number DP0773638). Some experimental work in this project was also financially supported by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, International Collaboration Fund (GJHZ200828).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Jian Feng Ma.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rodda, M.S., Li, G. & Reid, R.J. The timing of grain Cd accumulation in rice plants: the relative importance of remobilisation within the plant and root Cd uptake post-flowering. Plant Soil 347, 105–114 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0829-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-0829-4