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CaMPK9 increases the stability of CaWRKY40 transcription factor which triggers defense response in chickpea upon Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Race1 infection

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Abstract

Key message

Physical interaction and phosphorylation by CaMPK9 protects the degradation of CaWRKY40 that induces resistance response in chickpea to Fusarium wilt disease by modulating the transcription of defense responsive genes.

Abstract

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are the global regulators of plant defense signaling that modulate immune responses in host plants by regulating transcription of downstream target genes upon challenged by pathogens. However, very little is known about immune responsive role of Cicer arietinum L. (Ca) WRKY TFs particularly. Using two contrasting chickpea genotypes with respect to resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Race1 (Foc1), we demonstrate transcript accumulation of different CaWRKYs under multiple stresses and establish that CaWRKY40 triggers defense. CaWRKY40 overexpressing chickpea mounts resistance to Foc1 by positively modulating the defense related gene expression. EMSA, ChIP assay and real-time PCR analyses suggest CaWRKY40 binds at the promoters and positively regulates transcription of CaDefensin and CaWRKY33. Further studies revealed that mitogen Activated Protein Kinase9 (CaMPK9) phosphorylates CaWRKY40 by directly interacting with its two canonical serine residues. Interestingly, CaMPK9 is unable to interact with CaWRKY40 when the relevant two serine residues were replaced by alanine. Overexpression of serine mutated WRKY40 isoform in chickpea fails to provide resistance against Foc1. Mutated WRKY40Ser.224/225 to AA overexpressing chickpea resumes its ability to confer resistance against Foc1 after application of 26S proteasomal inhibitor MG132, suggests that phosphorylation is essential to protect CaWRKY40 from proteasomal degradation. CaMPK9 silencing also led to susceptibility in chickpea to Foc1. Altogether, our results elucidate positive regulatory roles of CaMPK9 and CaWRKY40 in modulating defense response in chickpea upon Foc1 infection.

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Abbreviations

ABA:

Abscisic acid

BiFC:

Bimolecular fluorescence complementation

CaMV35S:

Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S

CBB:

Coomassie brilliant blue

ChIP:

Chromatin immunoprecipitation

Dpi:

Days post inoculation

EMSA:

Electrophoretic mobility shift assay

Foc1:

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Race1

GAPDH:

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

JA:

Jasmonic acid

HA:

Hemagglutinin

MBP:

Myelin basic protein

MCS:

Multiple cloning site

MPK:

Mitogen activated protein kinase

PAMP:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative real-time PCR

RT-PCR:

Reverse transcriptase PCR

SA:

Salicylic acid

YFP:

Yellow fluorescent protein

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Acknowledgements

We are indebted to the Director, Bose Institute for providing infrastructural facilities. SD acknowledges Indian National Science Academy for providing Senior Scientist Fellowship. JC and SS acknowledge ICAR, Govt. of India for fellowship. Authors thank Prof. Nrisingha Dey, Institute of Life Sciences (Bhubaneswar) for gene gun related experiment, Prof. Sudip Chattopadhyay, NIT (Durgapur) for providing BiFC vectors and co-localization vectors. Authors are thankful to Dr. Abhrajyoti Ghosh, Bose Institute (Kolkata) for providing light microscopic facility. Prof. Debabrata Basu is acknowledged for helpful discussions. Shri Dibya Mukherjee and Mr. Saran N. are duly acknowledged for their sincere help in bioinformatics. Mr. Swarnava Das, Mr. Sudipta Basu and Mr. Surajit Maity are acknowledged for providing necessary lab and green house support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Plant Biology, Bose Institute, Centenary Campus, P-1/12, CIT Scheme-VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India

    Joydeep Chakraborty, Prithwi Ghosh, Senjuti Sen & Sampa Das

  2. Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

    Prithwi Ghosh

  3. School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India

    Ashis Kumar Nandi

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  1. Joydeep Chakraborty
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JC and SD conceived the research idea and designed experiments. JC, PG and SS performed the experiments. JC, PG, AKN and SD analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.

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Chakraborty, J., Ghosh, P., Sen, S. et al. CaMPK9 increases the stability of CaWRKY40 transcription factor which triggers defense response in chickpea upon Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri Race1 infection. Plant Mol Biol 100, 411–431 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-019-00868-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-019-00868-0

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