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Compatible GLRaV-3 viral infections affect berry ripening decreasing sugar accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera

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Abstract

Virus infections in grapevine cause important economic losses and affect fruit quality worldwide. Although the phenotypic symptoms associated to viral infections have been described, the molecular plant response triggered by virus infection is still poorly understood in Vitis vinifera. As a first step to understand the fruit changes and mechanisms involved in the compatible grapevine-virus interaction, we analyzed the berry transcriptome in two stages of development in the red wine cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon infected with Grapevine leaf-roll-associated virus-3 (GLRaV-3). Analysis of global gene expression patterns indicate incomplete berry maturation in infected berries as compared to uninfected fruit suggesting viral infection interrupts the normal berry maturation process. Genes with altered expression in berries harvested from GLRaV-3-infected vines as compared to uninfected tissue include anthocyanin biosynthesis and sugar metabolism genes. The reduction in transcript accumulation for sugar and anthocyanin metabolism during fruit development is consistent with a dramatic reduction in anthocyanin biosynthesis as well as reduced sugar levels in berries, a hallmark phenotypic change observed in virus infected grapevines. Analysis of key regulatory factors provides a mechanism for the observed gene expression changes. Our results provide insight into commonly observed phenotypic alterations in virus infected vines and the molecular mechanisms associated with the plant response to the virus during berry ripening.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by CORFO-Innova 07Genoma01, Millennium Nucleus for Plant Functional Genomics (P06-009-F) and FONDECYT 1100709. We are grateful to Dr. Michael Handford (Universidad de Chile) for critically reading the manuscript and assistance in language support. We also thank Hector Morales for his contribution in HPLC-DAD analysis.

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  1. Andrea Vega

    Present address: Departamento de Ciencias Vegetales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Genome Regulation, Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Functional Genomics, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Alameda 340, Santiago, Chile

    Andrea Vega, Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez & Patricio Arce-Johnson

  2. Departamento de Agroindustria y Enología, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

    Alvaro Peña-Neira

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557-0014, USA

    Grant R. Cramer

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Correspondence to Patricio Arce-Johnson.

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Supplementary material 1 (DOC 79 kb)

Figure S1

Detection of viral disease in uninfected and GLRaV-3-infected vines. The evaluation of thirteen viruses that have a high infectious incidence in Chile was carried out by RT-PCR amplifying a specific fragment of each virus. The figure shown one example of the detection of GLRaV-3 and GFKV viral disease (A) in Vitis vinifera leaves. A fragment of the virus replicase was amplified (274 bp and 262 bp, respectively). Lane numbers represent different grapevines analyzed. All amplifications were done in similar conditions for the viruses. Transmission electron micrographs of cross-sections of (B) a berry, (C) a virus-infected phloem cell and (D) a healthy virus-free phloem cell. Each micrograph scale is represented with a black line (500 nm) depicted at the bottom of each figure (PPTX 4392 kb)

Figure S2

Hierarchical clustering analysis of grape berries genes showing a differential expression pattern in response to GLRaV-3 during ripening (p < 0.05). The dendrogram and coloured image were produced as described in the Materials and Methods. The color scale ranges from saturated green for log ratios -5.8 and below, to saturated red for log ratios +5.5 and above. Each gene is represented by a single row of colored boxes. A single column represents each experimental point as follows: infected berries at veraison (LR3 V, yellow), uninfected berries at veraison (CV, green) infected ripening berries (LR3M, pink) and uninfected ripening berries (CM, purple). Twelve separate clusters are indicated by colored vertical bars (correlation coefficient < 0.92) (PPTX 1657 kb)

Table S1

Primers designed for virus detection in grapevine plants (DOCX 86 kb)

Table S2

Primers designed for gene expression analysis by RT-qPCR (DOCX 107 kb)

Table S3

Genes affected by ripening in uninfected grape berries (XLS 106 kb)

Table S4

Genes affected by ripening in GLRaV-3 infected grape berries (XLS 74 kb)

Table S5

Genes affected by viral compatible infection in grape berries at veraison (E-L35) (XLS 39 kb)

Table S6

Genes affected by viral compatible infection in grape berries during ripening (EL38) (XLS 70 kb)

Table S7

Physiological analysis of Cabernet Sauvignon berries from uninfected and infected-plants at four berry developmental stages (DOC 31 kb)

Table S8

Concentration of all anthocyanin compounds from uninfected and infected at four berry developmental stages (DOCX 44 kb)

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Vega, A., Gutiérrez, R.A., Peña-Neira, A. et al. Compatible GLRaV-3 viral infections affect berry ripening decreasing sugar accumulation and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Vitis vinifera . Plant Mol Biol 77, 261–274 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11103-011-9807-8

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