Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Antiproliferative effects of somatostatin analogs in pituitary adenomas

  • Published:
Pituitary Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The antisecretory effects of somatostatin (SRIF) and its analogs are widely recognised and provide the basis for treatment of hormonal hypersecretion in pituitary adenomas, especially in the settings of acromegaly. Evidence for an antiproliferative effect of these compounds has also been provided.

This review focuses on the mechanisms transducing the antiproliferative effects of SRIF and its analogs on pituitary adenomas, and on the clinical consequences on tumor volume of pharmacological treatment of pituitary adenomas with these drugs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N, Butcher M, Rivier J, Guillemin R (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77–79

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Reichlin S Somatostatin (1983) N Engl J Med 309:1495–1501

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Reichlin S Somatostatin (1983) N Engl J Med 309:1556–1563

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Delesque N, Buscail L, Esteve JP, Saint-Laurent N, Muller C, Weckbecker G, Bruns C, Vaysse N, Susini C (1997) Sst2 somatostatin receptor expression reverses tumorigenicity of human pancreatic cancer cells. Cancer Res 57:956–962

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Guillemin R (1978) Peptides in the brain: The new endocrinology of the neuron. Science 202:390–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Patel YC (1999) Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendocrinol 20:157–198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ (1996) Octreotide. N Engl J Med 334:246–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Patel YC, Wheatley T (1983)_ In vivo and in vitro plasma disappearance and metabolism of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 in the rat. Endocrinology 112:220–225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Meyerhof W (1998) The elucidation of somatostatin receptor functions: A current view. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 133:55–108

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoyer D, et al (2000) in The IUPHAR compendium of receptor characterisation and classification (IUPHAR committee on receptor nomenclature and drug classification) (IUPHAR media, London) pp. 354–356

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bruns C, Weckbecker G, Raulf F, Kaupmann K, Schoeffter P, Hoyer D, Lubbert H (1994) Molecular pharmacology of somatostatin-receptor subtypes. Ann NY Acad Sci 733:138–146

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Florio T, Scorizello A, Fattore M, D’Alto V, Salzano S, Rossi G, Berlingieri MT, Fusco A, Schettini G (1996) Somatostatin inhibits PC C13 thyroid cell proliferation through the modulation of phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity—impairment of the somatostatinergic effects by stable expression of EIA viral oncogene. J Biol Chem 271:6129–6136

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Akbar M, Okajima F, Tomura H, Majid MA, Yamada Y, Seino S, Kondo Y (1994) Phospholipase C activation and Ca2+ mobilization by cloned human somatostatin receptor subtypes 1–5 in transfected COS-7 cells. FEBS Lett 348:192–196

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Weckbecker G, Lewis I, Albert R, Schmid HA, Hoyer D, Bruns C (2003) Opportunities in somatostatin research: biological, chemical and therapeutic aspects. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:999–1017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Moyse E, Le Dafniet M, Epelbaum J, Pagesy P, Peillon F, Kordon C, Enjalbert A (1985) Somatostatin receptors in human growth hormone and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:98 –103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ikuyama S, Nawata H, Kato K, Karashima T, Ibayashi H, Nakagaki H (1985) Specific somatostatin receptors on human pituitary adenoma cell membranes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:666–671

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Greenman Y, Melmed S (1994) Expression of three somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary adenomas: Evidence for preferential SSTR5 expression in the mammosomatotroph lineage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:724–729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Greenman Y, Melmed S (1994) Heterogeneous expression of two somatostatin receptor subtypes in pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:398–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Panetta R, Patel YC (1995) Expression of mRNA for all five human somatostatin receptors (hSSTR1–5) in pituitary tumors. Life Sci 56:333–342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Miller GM, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Katznelson L, Zervas NT, Klibanski A (1995) Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1386–1392

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Murabe H, Shimatsu A, Ihara C, Mizuta H, Nakamura Y, Nagata I, Kikuchi H, Nakao K (1996) Expression of somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes in pituitary adenomas: Quantitative analysis of SSTR2 mRNA by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction. J Neuroendocrinol 8:605–610

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Nielsen S, Mellemkjaer S, Rasmussen LM, Ledet T, Astrup J, Weeke J, Jorgensen JO (1998) Gene transcription of receptors for growth hormone releasing peptide and somatostatin in human pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:2997–3000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Nielsen S, Mellemkjaer S, Rasmussen LM, Ledet T, Olsen N, Bojsen-Moller M, Astrup J, Weeke J, Jorgensen JO (2001) Expression of somatostatin receptors on human pituitary adenomas in vivo and ex vivo. J Endocrinol Invest 24:430–7

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Jaquet P, Saveanu A, Gunz G, Fina F, Zamora AJ, Grino M, Culler MD, Moreau JP, Enjalbert A, Ouafik LH (2000) Human somatostatin receptor subtypes in acromegaly: Distinct patterns of messenger ribonucleic acid expression and hormone suppression identify different tumoral phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:781–792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Florio T, Thellung S, Arena S, Corsaro A, Spaziante R, Gussoni G, Acuto C, Giusti M, Giordano G, Schettini G (1999) Somatostatin and its analog lanreotide inhibit the proliferation of dispersed human non-functioning pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 141:396–408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Shimon I, Taylor JE, Dong JZ, Bitonte RA, Kim S, Morgan B, Coy DH, Culler MD, Melmed S (1997) Somatostatin receptor subtype specificity in human fetal pituitary cultures. Differential role of SSTR2 and SSTR5 for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and prolactin regulation. J Clin Invest 99:789–798

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Shimon I, Yan X, Taylor JE, Weiss MH, Culler MD, Melmed S (1997) Somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtype-selective analogues differentially suppress in vitro growth hormone and prolactin in human pituitary adenomas. Novel potential therapy for functional pituitary tumors. J Clin Invest 100:2386–2392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. van der Hoek J, de Herder WW, Feelders RA, van der Lely AJ, Uitterlinden P, Boerlin V, Bruns C, Poon KW, Lewis I, Weckbecker G, Krahnke T, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW (2004) A single-dose comparison of the acute effects between the new somatostatin analog SOM230 and octreotide in acromegalic patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:638–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Zatelli MC, Piccin D, Tagliati F, Ambrosio MR, Margutti A, Padovani R, Scanarini M, Culler MD, degli Uberti EC (2003) Somatostatin receptor subtype 1 selective activation in human growth hormone- and prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas: effects on cell viability, growth hormone and prolactin secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:2797–2802

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Zatelli MC, Piccin D, Bottoni A, Ambrosio MR, Margutti A, Padovani R, Scanarini M, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Cavazzini L, degli Uberti EC (2004) Evidence for differential effects of selective somatostatin receptor subtype agonists on alpha-subunit and chromogranin A secretion and on cell viability in human non-functioning pituitary adenomas in vitro. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:5181–5188

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. van der Hoek J, Waaijers M, van Koetsveld PM, Sprij-Mooij D, Feelders RA, Schmid HA, Schoeffter P, Hoyer D, Cervia D, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ (2005) Distinct functional properties of native somatostatin receptor subtype 5 compared with subtype 2 in the regulation of ACTH release by corticotroph tumor cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 289:E278–287

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, Feelders R, van Aken MO, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Sprij-Mooij D, Bruns C, Weckbecker G, de Herder WW, Beckers A, Lamberts SW (2005) The multi-ligand somatostatin analogue SOM230 inhibits ACTH secretion by cultured human corticotroph adenomas via somatostatin receptor type 5. Eur J Endocrinol 152:645–654

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Koper JW, Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, den Holder F, Lamberts SW (1990) Desensitization and resensitization of rat pituitary tumor cells in long-term culture to the effects of the somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on cell growth and prolactin secretion. Cancer Res 50:6238–6242

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Hofland LJ, van Koetsveld PM, Wouters N, Waaijers M, Reubi JC, Lamberts SW (1992) Dissociation of antiproliferative and antihormonal effects of the somatostatin analog octreotide on 7315b pituitary tumor cells. Endocrinology 131:571–577

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Renner U, Mojto J, Lange M, Muller OA, von Werder K, Stalla GK(1994) Effect of bromocriptine and SMS 201-995 on growth of human somatotrophic and non-functioning pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. Eur J Endocrinol 130:80–91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Danila DC, Haidar JN, Zhang X, Katznelson L, Culler MD, Klibanski A (2001) Somatostatin receptor-specific analogs: Effects on cell proliferation and growth hormone secretion in human somatotroph tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:2976–2981

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lamberts SWJ, Krenning EP, Reubi JC (1991) The role of somatostatin and its analogs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Endocr Rev 12:450–482

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ballarè E, Persani L, Lania AG, Filopanti M, Giammona E, Corbetta S, Mantovani S, Arosio M, Beck-Peccoz P, Faglia G, Spada A (2001) Mutation of somatostatin receptor type 5 in an acromegalic patient resistant to somatostatin analog treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:3809–3814

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dasgupta P, Singh AT, Mukherjee R (1999) Antiproliferative and GH-inhibitory activity of chimeric peptides consisting of GHRP-6 and somatostatin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 259:379–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Florio T, Thellung S, Corsaro A, Bocca L, Arena S, Pattarozzi A, Villa V, Massa A, Diana F, Schettini D, Barbieri F, Ravetti JL, Spaziante R, Giusti M, Schettini G (2003) Characterization of the intracellular mechanisms mediating somatostatin and lanreotide inhibition of DNA synthesis and growth hormone release from dispersed human GH-secreting pituitary adenoma cells in vitro. Clin Endocrinol 59:115–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Weckbecker G, Lewis I, Albert R, Schmid HA, Hoyer D, Bruns C (2003) Opportunities in somatostatin research: Biological, chemical and therapeutic aspects. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2:999–1017

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Zatelli MC, Piccin D, Tagliati F, Bottoni A, Luchin A, degli Uberti EC (2005) SHP-1 restrains cell proliferation in human medullary thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinology 146:2692–2698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Patel SC, Patel RC, Patel YC (2000) Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: Formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity. Science 288:154–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rocheville M, Lange DC, Kumar U, Sasi R, Patel RC, Patel YC (2000) Subtypes of the somatostatin receptor assemble as functional homo- and heterodimers. J Biol Chem 275:7862–7869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Culler MD (2004) Evolving concepts in the quest for advanced therapeutic analogues of somatostatin. Dig Liver Dis 36(1):S17–25

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Matrone C, Pivonello R, Colao A, Cappabianca P, Cavallo LM, Del Basso De Caro ML, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Lombardi G, Di Renzo GF, Annunziato L (2004) Expression and function of somatostatin receptor subtype 1 in human growth hormone secreting pituitary tumors deriving from patients partially responsive or resistant to long-term treatment with somatostatin analogs. Neuroendocrinology 79:142–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Oppizzi G, Cozzi R, Dallabonzana D, Orlandi P, Benini Z, Petroncini M, Attanasio R, Milella M, Banfi G, Possa M (1998) Scintigraphic imaging of pituitary adenomas: An in vivo evaluation of somatostatin receptors. J Endocrinol Invest 21:512–519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Andersen M, Bjerre P, Schroder HD, Edal A, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Pedersen PH, Hagen C (2001) In vivo secretory potential and the effect of combination therapy with octreotide and cabergoline in patients with clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol 54:23–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Colao A, Di Sarno A, Marzullo P, Di Somma C, Cerbone G, Landi ML, Faggiano A, Merola B, Lombardi G (2000) New medical approaches in pituitary adenomas. Horm Res 53(3):76–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gasperi M, Petrini L, Pilosu R, Nardi M, Marcello A, Mastio F, Bartalena L, Martino E (1993) Octreotide treatment does not affect the size of most non-functioning pituitary adenomas. J Endocrinol Invest 16:541

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Barrie R, Woltering EA, Hajarizadeh H, Mueller C, Ure T, Fletcher WS (1993) Inhibition of angiogenesis by somatostatin and somatostatin-like compounds is structurally dependent. J Surg Res 55:446–450

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Danesi R, Del Tacca M (1996) The effects of the somatostatin analog octreotide on angiogenesis in vitro. Metabolism 45:49–50

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Danesi R, Agen C, Benelli U, Paolo AD, Nardini D, Bocci G, Basolo F, Campagni A, Tacca MD (1997) Inhibition of experimental angiogenesis by the somatostatin analogue octreotide acetate (SMS 201-995). Clin Cancer Res 3:265–272

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Cristina C, Diaz-Torga G, Baldi A, Gongora A, Rubinstein M, Low MJ, Becu-Villalobos D (2005) Increased pituitary vascular endothelial growth factor-a in dopaminergic D2 receptor knockout female mice. Endocrinology 146:2952–2962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Lancranjan L (2001) Dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in human adenohypophysial adenomas. Endocrine 14:329–336

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Bevan JS, Burke CW (1986) Non-functioning pituitary adenomas do not regress during bromocriptine therapy but possess membrane-bound dopamine receptors which bind bromocriptine. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 25:561–572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Grossman A, Ross R, Charlesworth M, Adams CB, Wass JA, Doniach I, Besser GM (1985) The effect of dopamine agonist therapy on large functionless pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 22:679–686

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Greenman Y, Tordjman K, Osher E, Veshchev I, Shenkerman G, Reider-Groswasser II, Segev Y, Ouaknine G, Stern N (2005) Postoperative treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists decreases tumour remnant growth. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:39–44

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Renner U, Arzberger T, Pagotto U, Leimgruber S, Uhl E, Muller A, Lange M, Weindl A, Stalla GK (1998) Heterogeneous dopamine D2 receptor subtype messenger ribonucleic acid expression in clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1368–1375

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Caccavelli L, Feron F, Morange I, Rouer E, Benarous R, Dewailly D, Jaquet P, Kordon C, Enjalbert A (1994) Decreased expression of the two D2 dopamine receptor isoforms in bromocriptine-resistant prolactinomas. Neuroendocrinology 60:314–322

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Iaccarino C, Samad TA, Mathis C, Kercret H, Picetti R, Borrelli E (2002) Control of lactotrop proliferation by dopamine: Essential role of signalling through D2 receptors and ERKs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:14530–14535

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. An JJ, Cho SR, Jeong DW, Park KW, Ahn YS, Baik JH (2003) Anti-proliferative effects and cell death mediated by two isoforms of dopamine D2 receptors in pituitary tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 206:49–62

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Gruszka A, Kunert-Radek J, Radek A, Pisarek H, Taylor J, Dong JZ, Culler MD, Pawlikowski M (2006) The effect of selective sst1, sst2, sst5 somatostatin receptors agonists, a somatostatin/dopamine (SST/DA) chimera and bromocriptine on the “clinically non-functioning” pituitary adenomas in vitro. Life Sci 78:689–693

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Thapar K, Kovacs KT, Stefaneanu L, Scheithauer BW, Horvath E, Lloyd RV, Li J, Laws ER Jr (1997) Antiproliferative effect of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary tumors: results of a multicenter randomized trial. Mayo Clin Proc 72:893–900

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Cap J, Cerman J, Nemecek S, Marekova M, Hana V, Frysak Z (2003) The influence of treatment with somatostatin analogues on morphology, proliferative and apoptotic activity in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Neurosci 10:444–448

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Losa M, Ciccarelli E, Mortini P, Barzaghi R, Gaia D, Faccani G, Papotti M, Mangili F, Terreni MR, Camanni F, Giovanelli M (2001) Effects of octreotide treatment on the proliferation and apoptotic index of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5194–5200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Freda PU (2003) How effective are current therapies for acromegaly? Growth Horm IGF Res 13:S144–S151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Bevan JS (2005) The anti-tumoral effects of somatostatin analog therapy in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrin Metab 90:1856–1863

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Besser GM, Burman P, Daly AF (2005) Predictors and rates of treatment-resistant tumor growth in acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol 153:187–193

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Freda PU (2002) Somatostatin analogs in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3013–3018

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Melmed S, Sternberg R, Cook D, Klibanski A, Chanson P, Bonert V, Vance ML, Rhew D, Kleinberg D, Barkan A (2005) A critical analysis of pituitary tumor shrinkage during primary medical therapy in acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4405–4410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Abe T, Ludecke DK (2001) Effects of preoperative octreotide treatment on different subtypes of 90 GH-secreting pituitary adenomas and outcome in one surgical centre. Eur J Endocrinol 145:137–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Giusti M, Ciccarelli E, Dallabonzana D, Delitala G, Faglia G, Liuzzi A, Gussoni G, Disem GG (1997) Clinical results of long-term slow-release lanreotide treatment of acromegaly. Eur J Clin Invest 27:277–284

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Suliman M, Jenkins R, Ross R, Powell T, Battersby R, Cullen DR (1999) Long-term treatment of acromegaly with the somatostatin analogue SR-lanreotide. J Endocrinol Invest 22:409–418

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Tauber JP, Babin T, Tauber MT, Vigoni F, Bonafe A, Ducasse M, Harris AG, Bayard F (1989) Long term effects of continuous subcutaneous infusion of the somatostatin analog octreotide in the treatment of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:917–924

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Barakat S, Melmed S (1989) Reversible shrinkage of a growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenoma by a long-acting somatostatin analogue, octreotide. Arch Int Med 149:1443–1445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Arosio M, Macchelli S, Rossi CM, Casati G, Biella O, Faglia G (1995) Effects of treatment with octreotide in acromegalic patients–a multicenter Italian study. Italian Multicenter Octreotide Study Group. Eur J Endocrinol 133:430–439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ezzat S, Snyder PJ, Young WF, Boyajy LD, Newman C, Klibanski A, et al. (1992) Octreotide treatment of acromegaly. A randomized, multicenter study. Ann Intern Med 117:711–718

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Flogstad AK, Halse J, Haldorsen T, Lancranjan I, Marbach P, Bruns C, Jervell J (1995) Sandostatin LAR in acromegalic patients: A dose-range study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3601–3607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ezzat S, Horvath E, Harris AG, Kovacs K (1994)Morphological effects of octreotide on growth hormone-producing pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:113–118

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gruszka A, Pawlikowski M, Kunert-Radek J (2001) Anti-tumoral action of octreotide and bromocriptine on the experimental rat prolactinoma: Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 22:343–348

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ettore C. degli Uberti.

Additional information

Grants: Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (2005 060839-004), University of Ferrara (ex 60% 2005), Associazione Ferrarese dell’Ipertensione Arteriosa to the Section of Endocrinology, Ferrara.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zatelli, M.C., Piccin, D., Ambrosio, M.R. et al. Antiproliferative effects of somatostatin analogs in pituitary adenomas. Pituitary 9, 27–34 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-006-7822-6

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11102-006-7822-6

Keywords

Navigation