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Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting For Simultaneous Monitoring Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles And NAD(P)H In Intact And Barrier-Disrupted Volunteer Skin

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ABSTRACT

Purpose

There is a lack of relevant, non-animal alternatives for assessing exposure and toxicity of nanoparticle-containing cosmetics, e.g. sunscreens. Our goal was to evaluate timecorrelated single photon counting (TCSPC) for simultaneous monitoring of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) and the metabolic state of volunteer skin.

Methods

We separated the fluorescence lifetime signatures of endogenous fluorophore signals (i.e. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, NAD(P)H and keratin) and the ZnO-NP signal using advanced TCSPC to simultaneously determine ZnO-NP penetration profiles and NAD(P)H changes in subjects with altered barrier function, including tape-stripped skin and in psoriasis or atopic dermatitis lesions.

Results

We detected no ZnO-NP penetration into viable human skin in any group. ZnO-NP signal was significantly increased (p < 0.01) on the surface of tape-stripped and lesional skin after 4 and 2 h of treatment, respectively. Free NAD(P)H signal significantly increased in tape-stripped viable epidermis treated for 4 h of ZnO-NP compared to vehicle control. No significant NAD(P)H changes were noted in the lesional study.

Conclusion

TCSPC techniques enabled simultaneous, real-time quantification of ZnO-NP concentration and NAD(P)H via non-invasive imaging in the stratum corneum and viable epidermis of volunteers.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

atomic absorption spectroscopy

AU:

arbitrary unit

CCT:

caprylic/capric triglycerides

FLIM:

fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

ICP-OES:

inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy

IRF:

instrument response function

KDP:

potassium di-hydrogen phosphate

MEP:

multiphoton-excited photoluminescence

MPT:

multiphoton tomography

MPT-FLIM:

multiphoton tomography with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy

NAD(P)H:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

PBS:

phosphate-buffered saline

SHG:

second harmonic generation

TCSPC:

time-correlated single photon counting

TEM:

transmission electron microscope

TEWL:

transepidermal Water Loss

Ti:Sa:

titanium:sapphire

ZnO-NP:

zinc oxide nanoparticles

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS & DISCLOSURES

We would like to thank the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (ID# 569694) and the United States Air Force Asian Office of Aerospace Research and Development for funding. We also thank Corinne Yoong for recruiting volunteers for the lesion studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Lynlee L. Lin, Jeffrey E. Grice, Michael S. Roberts & Tarl W. Prow

  2. Dermatology Research Centre, School of Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Lynlee L. Lin, H. Peter Soyer & Tarl W. Prow

  3. Australian Institute for Bioengineering & Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Margaret K. Butler

  4. Department of Physics, Centre of MQ Photonics, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Andrei V. Zvyagin

  5. Centre for Biophotonics and Laser Science School of Physical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

    Andrei V. Zvyagin

  6. Becker & Hickl GmbH, Nahmitzer Damm 33, Berlin, Germany

    Wolfgang Becker

  7. Therapeutics Research Centre School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

    Thomas A. Robertson & Michael S. Roberts

  8. Therapeutics Research & Dermatology Research Centres School of Medicine, Princess Alexandra Hospital, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia

    Tarl W. Prow

Authors
  1. Lynlee L. Lin
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  2. Jeffrey E. Grice
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  4. Andrei V. Zvyagin
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  5. Wolfgang Becker
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  7. H. Peter Soyer
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  8. Michael S. Roberts
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  9. Tarl W. Prow
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tarl W. Prow.

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Lin, L.L., Grice, J.E., Butler, M.K. et al. Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting For Simultaneous Monitoring Of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles And NAD(P)H In Intact And Barrier-Disrupted Volunteer Skin. Pharm Res 28, 2920–2930 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0515-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-011-0515-5

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