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An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention

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Abstract

Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common drug-resistant epilepsy. To cure epilepsy, drugs must target the mechanisms at the origin of seizures. Thus, the present investigation aimed to evaluate the antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects of an aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini against kainate-induced status epilepticus in mice, and possible mechanisms of action. Mice were divided into 7 groups and treated as follows: normal group or kainate group received po distilled water (10 mL/kg), four test groups received Syzygium cumini (28.8, 72, 144, and 288 mg/kg, po), and the positive control group treated intraperitoneally (ip) with sodium valproate (300 mg/kg). An extra group of normal mice was treated with piracetam (200 mg/kg, po). Treatments were administered 60 min before the induction of status epilepticus with kainate (15 mg/kg, ip), and continued daily throughout behavioral testing. Twenty-four hours after the induction, T-maze and Morris water maze tasks were successively performed. The animals were then sacrificed and some markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation were estimated in the hippocampus. The extract significantly prevented status epilepticus and mortality. In the T-maze, the aqueous extract markedly increased the time spent and the number of entries in the discriminated arm. In the Morris water maze, the extract significantly increased the time spent in the target quadrant during the retention phase. Furthermore, the aqueous extract induced a significant reduction of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. These results suggest that the aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini has antiepileptic- and anti-amnesic-like effects, likely mediated in part by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

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Data Availability

Data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Abbreviations

S. cumini :

Syzygium cumini.

SE :

status epilepticus.

TLE:

temporal lobe epilepsy.

MDA:

malondialdehyde.

GSH:

reduced glutathione.

TNF:

tumor necrosis.

IL-6:

interleukin six.

IL-1β:

interleukin one beta.

SV:

sodium valproate.

pira:

piracetam.

SD:

standard deviation.

ANOVA:

analysis of variance.

ROS:

reactive oxygen species.

i.p.:

intraperitoneally.

po :

per os.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Universities of Ngaoundéré (Cameroon) and Yaoundé I (Cameroon) for providing laboratory apparatus for this study.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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AKK and SN designed the study, performed all behavioral studies, accomplished data analysis, and drafted the manuscript. AKK and SMT critically reviewed the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Antoine Kavaye Kandeda.

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The study was conducted following the Cameroon National Ethical Committee guidelines (Ref No. FW-IRB00001954, 22 October 1987). All efforts were made to minimize the number of mice used and their suffering.

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Kandeda, A.K., Nodeina, S. & Mabou, S.T. An aqueous extract of Syzygium cumini protects against kainate-induced status epilepticus and amnesia: evidence for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory intervention. Metab Brain Dis 37, 2581–2602 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-022-01052-y

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