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Climatic and limnological changes at Lake Karakul (Tajikistan) during the last ~29 cal ka

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Abstract

We present results of analyses on a sediment core from Lake Karakul, located in the eastern Pamir Mountains, Tajikistan. The core spans the last ~29 cal ka. We investigated and assessed processes internal and external to the lake to infer changes in past moisture availability. Among the variables used to infer lake-external processes, high values of grain-size end-member (EM) 3 (wide grain-size distribution that reflects fluvial input) and high Sr/Rb and Zr/Rb ratios (coinciding with coarse grain sizes), are indicative of moister conditions. High values in EM1, EM2 (peaks of small grain sizes that reflect long-distance dust transport or fine, glacially derived clastic input) and TiO2 (terrigenous input) are thought to reflect greater influence of dry air masses, most likely of Westerly origin. High input of dust from distant sources, beginning before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and continuing to the late glacial, reflects the influence of dry Westerlies, whereas peaks in fluvial input suggest increased moisture availability. The early to early-middle Holocene is characterised by coarse mean grain sizes, indicating constant, high fluvial input and moister conditions in the region. A steady increase in terrigenous dust and a decrease in fluvial input from 6.6 cal ka BP onwards points to the Westerlies as the predominant atmospheric circulation through to present, and marks a return to drier and even arid conditions in the area. Proxies for productivity (TOC, TOC/TN, TOC Br ), redox potential (Fe/Mn) and changes in the endogenic carbonate precipitation (TIC, δ18O Carb ) indicate changes within the lake. Low productivity characterised the lake from the late Pleistocene until 6.6 cal ka BP, and increased rapidly afterwards. Lake level remained low until the LGM, but water depth increased to a maximum during the late glacial and remained high into the early Holocene. Subsequently, the water level decreased to its present stage. Today the lake system is mainly climatically controlled, but the depositional regime is also driven by internal limnogeological processes.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Zafar Mahmoudov and Tim Jonas for help during fieldwork, Romy Zibulski for identification and discussions of the moss remains, and Matthias Röhl for support with core description. We furthermore thank Mark Brenner and two anonymous reviewers for their comments, which helped to improve this manuscript. We appreciate the financial support of the DFG (Grants Mi 730/15-1 and 15-2; and PhD scholarship for LH in the DFG Graduate School 1364).

Data Availability

The datasets generated and analysed for this study are available at Pangaea, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.876024.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Research Unit Potsdam, Telegrafenberg A43, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Liv Heinecke, Boris K. Biskaborn, Ingmar Nitze & Ulrike Herzschuh

  2. Institute of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany

    Liv Heinecke, Karsten Adler, Ingmar Nitze & Ulrike Herzschuh

  3. Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Iceland, Sturlugata 7, Askja, 101, Reykjavík, Iceland

    Steffen Mischke

  4. Institute of Geological Sciences, Free University of Berlin, Malteserstr. 74-100, 12249, Berlin, Germany

    Anja Barth

  5. Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Sektion 5.2, Telegrafenberg C327, 14473, Potsdam, Germany

    Birgit Plessen

  6. Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Alten Hafen 26, 27568, Bremerhaven, Germany

    Gerhard Kuhn

  7. Pilot Program for Climate Resilience Secretariat, Shevchenko Street 47, Dushanbe, Tajikistan

    Ilhomjon Rajabov

  8. Institute of Bochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany

    Ulrike Herzschuh

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  1. Liv Heinecke
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Heinecke, L., Mischke, S., Adler, K. et al. Climatic and limnological changes at Lake Karakul (Tajikistan) during the last ~29 cal ka. J Paleolimnol 58, 317–334 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-017-9980-0

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