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Gender Differences in Life Satisfaction Among Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis

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Abstract

Gender differences in life satisfaction (LS) have been studied for a long time, and the first meta-analysis on this issue was conducted almost 40 years ago. Since then, the social status of females has changed considerably across different nations and cultures. The individual studies in this area continued to show inconsistent results concerning gender group differences in their respective perception of LS. In this study, 46 empirical studies from 1980 to 2017 (with a cumulated total N = 11,772) were meta-analyzed to examine potential gender differences in LS among children and adolescents, and to explore if some study features could be moderators that could account for the observed inconsistencies in the findings across studies. The findings revealed that LS remains invariant across gender groups, but with a slight difference in favor of male children and adolescents. Our results further suggested that four study features were shown to contribute to the variations of the reported gender difference in LS across individual studies: geographical region, population type, age, and domain specific LS measurements. Such different features across the individual studies could have led to the observed inconsistency of the findings. Understanding how gender differences in LS vary by these study features could allow us to consider more targeted support to increase LS of children and adolescents in different situations.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Education, Stanford University, Stanford, USA

    Xinjie Chen

  2. School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Zhihui Cai

  3. School of Humanities and Social Science, Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

    Jinbo He & Xitao Fan

Authors
  1. Xinjie Chen
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  2. Zhihui Cai
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  4. Xitao Fan
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Correspondence to Zhihui Cai.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

See Table 4.

Table 4 Individual studies included in the meta-analysis and their effect sizes
Full size table

Appendix 2

See Table 5.

Table 5 Quality assessment of the 46 studies based on the adapted Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale
Full size table

  • Q1: Is the case definition adequate?

    1. (a)

      yes, with independent validation*

    2. (b)

      yes, e.g. record linkage or based on self reports

    3. (c)

      no description

  • Q2: Representativeness of the cases

    1. (a)

      consecutive or obviously representative series of cases*

    2. (b)

      potential for selection biases or not stated

  • Q3: Validity of measuring instrument

    1. (a)

      well developed with reporting validity and/or reliability*

    2. (b)

      no description of validity and/or reliability

  • Q4: Same method of assessment for male and female

    1. (a)

      yes*

    2. (b)

      no

Appendix 3: References of 46 Studies Included in the Meta-analysis

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Chen, X., Cai, Z., He, J. et al. Gender Differences in Life Satisfaction Among Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis. J Happiness Stud 21, 2279–2307 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-019-00169-9

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