Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

5-HTTLPR X Stress in Adolescent Depression: Moderation by MAOA and Gender

  • Published:
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Depression surges in adolescence, especially among girls. Most evidence indicates that the short allele of a polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) interacts with stress to influence the onset of depression. This effect appears to be less robust in adolescents, particularly among boys, and may be moderated by other genetic polymorphisms. Seeking to explain the adolescent gender difference in depression, this study examined the effects of 5-HTTLPR (rs25531), the monoamine oxidase A-upstream variable number tandem repeat (MAOA-uVNTR), and negative life events (NLE). A community-based longitudinal sample of 309 adolescents reported depressive symptoms and NLE at ages 11, 13, and 15. 5-HTTLPR and MAOA-uVNTR genotypes were ascertained via buccal swabs. A significant four-way interaction of 5-HTTLPR, MAOA-uVNTR, NLE at age 13, and gender predicted depressive symptoms at age 15. Girls were most likely to exhibit elevated depressive symptoms when experiencing NLE if they possessed low-expression MAOA-uVNTR alleles and short 5-HTTLPR alleles, whereas low-expression MAOA-uVNTR alleles but long 5-HTTLPR alleles were implicated in boys. The results indicate that the commonly reported 5-HTTLPR by stress interaction for depression may be limited to individuals with low-expression MAOA-uVNTR alleles. These data also provide new evidence that the short allele of 5-HTTLPR confers susceptibility to stress differently for females compared with males.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Given that only girls can be heterozygous for MAOA-uVNTR, we cannot analyze these girls in a model that also contains boys. However, when we analyzed girls separately and included heterozygous girls (increasing the sample size by 48), our finding remained unchanged. That is, the interaction of 5-HTTLPR and NLE held only for girls homozygous for low-expression MAOA alleles.

References

  • Achenbach, T. M., & Rescorla, L. A. (2001). Manual for the ASEBA school-age forms & profiles. Burlington: University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angold, A. (1988). Childhood and adolescent depression. I. Epidemiological and aetiological aspects. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 601–617.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arbuckle, J. L. (1996). Full information estimation in the presence of incomplete data. In G. A. Marcoulides & R. E. Schumacker (Eds.), Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques (pp. 243–277). Mahwah: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asherson, P., & Price, T. S. (2012). Commentary: replication, replication, replication: the continued need to substantiate GxE effects in child psychopathology—a response to Laucht et al. (2012). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 360–362.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Åslund, C., Leppert, J., Comasco, E., Nordquist, N., Oreland, L., & Nilsson, K. W. (2009). Impact of the interaction between the 5HTTLPR polymorphism and maltreatment on adolescent depression. A population-based study. Behavior Genetics, 39, 524–531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Åslund, C., Nordquist, N., Comasco, E., Leppert, J., Oreland, N., & Nilsson, K. W. (2011). Maltreatment, MAOA, and delinquency: sex differences in gene-environment interaction in a large population-based cohort of adolescents. Behavior Genetics, 41, 262–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Belsky, J., & Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885–908.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benmansour, S., Weaver, R. S., Barton, A. K., Adeniji, O. S., & Frazer, A. (2012). Comparison of the effects of estradiol and progesterone on serotonergic function. Biological Psychiatry, 71, 633–641.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bethea, C. L., Pecins-Thompson, M., Schutzer, W. E., Gundlah, C., & Lu, Z. N. (1998). Ovarian steroids and serotonin neural function. Molecular Neurobiology, 18, 87–123.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bose, C. E. (1985). Jobs and gender: A study of occupational prestige. New York: Praeger.

  • Brummett, B. H., Krystal, A. D., Siegler, I. C., Kuhn, C., Surwit, R. S., Züchner, S., et al. (2007). Associations of a regulatory polymorphism of monoamine oxidase-A gene promoter (MAOA-uVNTR) with symptoms of depression and sleep quality. Psychosomatic Medicine, 69, 396–401.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brummett, B. H., Boyle, S. H., Siegler, I. C., Kuhn, C. M., Ashley-Koch, A., Jonassaint, C. R., et al. (2008). Effects of environmental stress and gender on associations among symptoms of depression and the serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR). Behavior Genetics, 38, 34–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, J. L., Rudolph, D. L., & Morgan, D. W. (1998). Influence of positive life events on blood pressure in adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 115–129.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casey, B. J., Glatt, C. E., Tottenham, N., Soliman, F., Bath, K., Amso, D., et al. (2009). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a model system for examining gene by environment interactions across development. Neuroscience, 164, 108–120.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., et al. (2003). Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science, 301, 386–389.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Sturge-Apple, M. L. (2007). Interactions of child maltreatment and serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A polymorphisms: depressive symptomatology among adolescents from low socioeconomic status backgrounds. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1161–1180.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, C. A., Friedman, A. G., & Burright, R. G. (1998). The relationship of daily stress and health-related behaviors to adolescents’ cholesterol levels. Adolescence, 33, 447–460.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compas, C., Davis, G., Forsythe, C., & Wagner, B. (1987). Assessment of major and daily stressful events during adolescence: the Adolescent Perceived Events Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 534–541.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • David, S. P., Murthy, N. V., Rabiner, E. A., Munafó, M. R., Johnstone, E. C., Jacob, R., et al. (2005). A functional genetic variation of the serotonin (5-HT) transporter affects 5-HT1A receptor binding in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 25, 2586–2590.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deckert, J., Catalano, M., Syagailo, Y. V., Bosi, M., Okladnova, O., Di Bella, D., et al. (1999). Excess of high activity monoamine oxidase A gene promoter alleles in female patients with panic disorder. Human Molecular Genetics, 8, 621–624.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Denney, R. M., Koch, H., & Craig, I. W. (1999). Association between monoamine oxidase A activity in human male skin fibroblasts and genotype of the MAOA promoter-associated variable number tandem repeat. Human Genetics, 105, 542–551.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doornbos, B., Janneke Dijck-Brouwer, D. A., Kema, I. P., Tanke, M. A. C., van Goor, S. A., Muskiet, F. A. J., et al. (2009). The development of peripartum depressive symptoms is associated with gene polymorphisms of MAOA, 5-HTT, and COMT. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 33, 1250–1254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duncan, L. E., & Keller, M. C. (2011). A critical review of the first 10 years of candidate gene-by-environment interaction research in psychiatry. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1041–1049.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eley, T. C., Sugden, K., Corsico, A., Gregory, A. M., Sham, P., McGuffin, P., et al. (2004). Gene-environment interaction analysis of serotonin system markers with adolescent depression. Molecular Psychiatry, 9, 908–915.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elhwuegi, A. S. (2004). Central monoamines and their role in major depression. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 28, 435–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellegren, H., & Parsch, J. (2007). The evolution of sex-biased genes and sex-biased gene expression. Nature Reviews Genetics, 8, 689–698.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, M., Liu, B., Jiang, T., Jiang, X., Zhao, H., & Zhang, J. (2010). Meta-analysis of the association between the monoamine oxidase-A gene and mood disorders. Psychiatric Genetics, 20, 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler, J. S., Alia-Klein, N., Kriplani, A., Logan, J., Williams, B., Zhu, W., et al. (2007). Evidence that brain MAO A activity does not correspond to MAO A genotype in healthy male subjects. Biological Psychiatry, 62, 355–358.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: differences in psychosocial functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 90–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gundlah, C., Lu, N. Z., & Bethea, C. L. (2002). Ovarian steroid regulation of monoamine oxidase-A and -B mRNAs in the macaque dorsal raphe and hypothalamic nuclei. Psychopharmacology, 160, 271–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gutiérrez, B., Arias, B., Gastó, C., Catalán, R., Papiol, S., Pintor, L., et al. (2004). Association analysis between a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter and severe mood disorders. Psychiatric Genetics, 14, 203–208.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C. (1991). Generation of stress in the course of unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 555–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hammen, C., Brennan, P. A., Keenan-Miller, D., Hazel, N. A., & Najman, J. M. (2010). Chronic and acute stress, gender, and serotonin transporter gene-environment interactions predicting depression symptoms in youth. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 180–187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128–140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Fraley, R. C., Lahey, B. B., & Waldman, I. (2005). Is youth depressive disorder best viewed as a continuum or discrete category? A taxometric analysis of childhood and adolescent depression in a population-based sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 96–110.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Jenness, J., Abela, J. Z., & Smolen, A. (2011a). Interaction of 5-HTTLPR and idiographic stressors predicts prospective depressive symptoms specifically among youth in a multiwave design. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 40, 572–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hankin, B. L., Nederhof, E., Oppenheimer, C. W., Jenness, J., Young, J. F., Abela, J. R. Z., et al. (2011b). Differential susceptibility in youth: evidence that 5-HTTLPR x positive parenting is associated with positive affect ‘for better and worse. Translational Psychiatry, 1, e44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heils, A., Teufel, A., Petri, S., Stöber, G., Riederer, P., Bengel, D., et al. (1996). Allelic variation of human serotonin transporter gene expression. Journal of Neurochemisty, 66, 2621–2624.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herman, A. I., Kaiss, K. M., Ma, R., Philbeck, J. W., Hasan, A., Dasti, H., et al. (2005). Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism and monoamine oxidase type A VNTR allelic variants together influence alcohol binge drinking risk in young women. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Part B, 133B, 74–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hilt, L. M., Sander, L. C., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Simen, A. A. (2007). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism predicts rumination and depression differently in young adolescent girls and their mothers. Neuroscience Letters, 429, 12–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Homberg, J. R., & Lesch, K. P. (2011). Looking on the bright side of serotonin transporter gene variation. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 513–519.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hu, X. Z., Lipsky, R. H., Zhu, G., Akhtar, L. A., Taubman, J., Greenberg, B. D., et al. (2006). Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. American Journal of Human Genetics, 78, 815–826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S., Klein, M. H., Essex, M. J., & Clark, R. (1995). Maternity leave and women’s mental health. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 257–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyde, J. S., Mezulis, A. H., & Abramson, L. Y. (2008). The ABCs of depression: integrating affective, biological, and cognitive models to explain the emergence of a gender difference in depression. Psychological Review, 115, 291–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenness, J. L., Hankin, B. L., Abela, J. Z., Young, J. F., & Smolen, A. (2011). Chronic family stress interacts with 5-HTTLPR to predict prospective depressive symptoms among youth. Depression and Anxiety, 28, 1074–1080.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Josephs, R. A., Telch, M. J., Hixon, J. G., Evans, J. J., Lee, H., Knopik, V. S., et al. (2011). Genetic and hormonal sensitivity to threat: testing a serotonin transporter genotype x testosterone interaction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. Advance of publication.

  • Karg, K., Burmeister, M., Shedden, K., & Sen, S. (2011). The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression meta-analysis revisited: evidence of genetic moderation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 68, 444–454.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karssen, A. M., Her, S., Li, J. Z., Patel, P. D., Meng, F., Bunney, W. E., Jr., et al. (2007). Stress-induced changes in primate prefrontal profiles of gene expression. Molecular Psychiatry, 12, 1089–1102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74, 5–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., Swartz, M., Blazer, D., & Nelson, C. (1993). Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. I: lifetime prevalence, chronicity and recurrence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 29, 85–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Williams, B., Newcombe, R., Craig, I. W., et al. (2006). MAOA, maltreatment, and gene-environment interaction predicting children’s mental health: new evidence and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 903–913.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klein, D. N., Dougherty, L. R., & Olino, T. M. (2005). Toward guidelines for evidence-based assessment of depression in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34, 412–432.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs, M. (1981). The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 21, 995–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraft, J. B., Slager, S. L., McGrath, P. J., & Hamilton, S. P. (2005). Sequence analysis of the serotonin transporter and associations with antidepressant response. Biological Psychiatry, 58, 374–381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lander, E. S., & Schork, N. J. (1994). Genetic dissection of complex traits. Science, 265, 2037–2048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laucht, M., Treutlein, J., Blomeyer, D., Buchmann, A. F., Schmid, B., Becker, K., et al. (2009). Interaction between the 5-HTTLPR serotonin transporter polymorphism and environmental adversity for mood and anxiety psychopathology: evidence from a high-risk community sample of young adults. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 737–747.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesch, K. P., Bengel, D., Heils, A., Sabol, S. Z., Greenberg, B. D., Petri, S., et al. (1996). Association of anxiety-related traits with a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene regulatory region. Science, 274, 1527–1531.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marmorstein, N. R., & Hart, D. (2011). Interactions between MAOA genotype and receipt of public assistance: predicting change in depressive symptoms and body mass index. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 21, 619–630.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuffin, P., Alsabban, S., & Uher, R. (2011). The truth about genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene and response to stress and medication. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 424–427.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Buckholtz, J. W., Kolachana, B., Hariri, A. R., Pezawas, L., Blasi, G., et al. (2006). Neural mechanisms of genetic risk for impulsivity and violence in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 6269–6274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mickey, B. J., Ducci, F., Hodgkinson, C. A., Langenecker, S. S., Goldman, D., & Zubieta, J. K. (2008). Monoamine oxidase A genotype predicts human serotonin 1A receptor availability in vivo. The Journal of Neuroscience, 28, 11354–11359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, D. L., Uhl, G. R., Holmes, A., Ren-Patterson, R., Hall, F. S., Sora, I., et al. (2003). Experimental gene interaction studies with SERT mutant mice as models for human polygenic and epistatic traits and disorders. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 2, 350–364.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2010). Mplus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, K. W., Wargelius, H. L., Sjöberg, R. L., Leppert, J., & Oreland, L. (2008). The MAO-A gene, platelet MAO-B activity and psychosocial environment in adolescent female alcohol-related problem behaviour. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 51–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nordquist, N., & Oreland, L. (2010). Serotonin, genetic variability, behaviour, and psychiatric disorders—a review. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 115, 2–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen, I. T., Bates, J. E., Goodnight, J. A., Dodge, K. A., Lansford, J. E., Pettit, G. S., et al. (2012). Interaction between serotonin transporter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) and Stressful life events in adolescents’ trajectories of anxious/depressed symptoms. Developmental Psychology. Advance of publication, doi:10.1037/a0027471

  • Pluess, M., Belsky, J., Way, B. M., & Taylor, S. E. (2010). 5-HTTLPR moderates effects of current life events on neuroticism: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 34, 1070–1074.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priess, H. A., Lindberg, S. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2009). Adolescent gender-role identity and mental health: gender intensification revisited. Child Development, 80, 1531–1544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramamoorthy, S., Bauman, A. L., Moore, K. R., Han, H., Yang-Feng, T., Chang, A. S., et al. (1993). Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90, 2542–2546.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Risch, N., Herrell, R., Lehner, T., Liang, K. Y., Eaves, L., Hoh, J., et al. (2009). Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and risk of depression: a meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301, 2462–2471.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rivera, M., Gutiérrez, B., Molina, E., Torres-González, F., Bellón, J. A., Moreno-Küstner, B., et al. (2009). High-activity variants of the uMAOA polymorphism increase the risk for depression in a large primary care sample. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Part B, 150B, 395–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscio, J., & Ruscio, A. M. (2000). Informing the continuity controversy: a taxometric analysis of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 473–487.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter, M., Graham, P., Chadwick, O., & Yule, W. (1976). Adolescent turmoil: fact or fiction? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 17, 35–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabol, S. Z., Hu, S., & Hamer, D. (1998). A functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter. Human Genetics, 103, 273–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saylor, C. F., Finch, A. J., Spirito, A., & Bennett, B. (1984). The Children’s Depression Inventory: a systematic evaluation of psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, 955–967.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schulze, T. G., Müller, D. J., Krauss, H., Scherk, H., Ohlraun, S., Syagailo, Y. V., et al. (2000). Association between a functional polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A gene promoter and major depressive disorder. American Journal of Medical Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 96, 801–803.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöberg, R. L., Nilsson, K. W., Nordquist, N., Öhrvik, J., Leppert, J., Lindström, L., et al. (2006). Development of depression: sex and the interaction between environment and a promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 9, 443–449.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the Children’s Depression Inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14, 25–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A., & Kim-Cohen, J. (2007). Meta-analysis of gene-environment interactions in developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 1029–1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, C., Ku, L., Rogers, S., Lindberg, L., Pleck, J., & Sonenstein, F. (1998). Adolescent sexual behavior, drug use, and violence: increased reporting with computer survey technology. Science, 280, 867–873.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uddin, M., de los Santos, R., Bakshis, E., Cheng, C., & Aiello, A. E. (2011). Building conditions, 5-HTTLPR genotype, and depressive symptoms in adolescent males and females. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49, 379–385.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uher, R., & McGuffin, P. (2008). The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 13, 131–146.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urwin, R. E., & Nunn, K. P. (2005). Epistatic interaction between the monoamine oxidase A and serotonin transporter genes in anorexia nervosa. European Journal of Human Genetics, 13, 370–375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Labor. (1993). Twenty facts on women workers. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

  • van Roekel, E., Engels, R. E., Verhagen, M., Goossens, L., & Scholte, R. J. (2011). Parental depressive feelings, parental support, and the serotonin transporter gene as predictors of adolescent depressive feelings: a latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40, 453–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veenstra-VanderWeele, J., Anderson, G. M., & Cook, E. H., Jr. (2000). Pharmacogenetics and the serotonin system: initial studies and future directions. European Journal of Pharmacology, 410, 165–181.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, M., & Klerman, G. (1977). Sex differences and the epidemiology of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 34, 98–111.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wendland, J. R., Martin, B. J., & Kruse, M. R. (2006). Simultaneous genotyping of four functional loci of human SLC6A4, with a reappraisal of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531. Molecular Psychiatry, 11, 224–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, J., et al. (2010). Common SNPs explain a large proportion of the heritability for human height. Nature Genetics, 42, 565–571.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, Y. W. Y., Tsai, S. J., Hong, C. J., Chen, T. J., Chen, M. C., & Yang, C. W. (2005). Association study of a monoamine oxidase A gene promoter polymorphism with major depressive disorder and antidepressant response. Neuropsychopharmacology, 30, 1719–1723.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported, in part, by Award Number F31MH084476 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Heather A. Priess-Groben. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Mental Health or the National Institutes of Health. This research was also supported by a University of Wisconsin Graduate School grant to Janet Shibley Hyde.

We thank Lyn Abramson and Luke Hyde for their comments on an earlier draft.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Heather A. Priess-Groben

    Present address: University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1202 W. Johnson St., Madison, WI, 53706, USA

    Heather A. Priess-Groben & Janet Shibley Hyde

Authors
  1. Heather A. Priess-Groben
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Janet Shibley Hyde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Janet Shibley Hyde.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Priess-Groben, H.A., Hyde, J.S. 5-HTTLPR X Stress in Adolescent Depression: Moderation by MAOA and Gender. J Abnorm Child Psychol 41, 281–294 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9672-1

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9672-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation