Abstract
In the field of global environmental governance, a plethora of international regimes have emerged over the past decades. In some issue areas, multiple regimes aim to govern the issue, sometimes reinforcing, oftentimes conflicting with each other. Consequently, international regime complexes are an empirical phenomenon, which are inherently characterized by specific degrees of fragmentation. For any given issue area, one of the key questions is whether the institutional fragmentation encountered in such regime complexes is synergistic or conflictive in nature. Scrutinizing this question poses methodological challenges of how to delineate a regime complex and how to assess its fragmentation. Drawing on the highly fragmented case of the international forest regime complex, this paper aims to map its institutional fragmentation and to analyse the degrees to which it is conflictive or synergistic. For this we conceptualize the notion of institutional elements and develop a novel method for mapping regime complexes based on their core institutional elements. We then employ tools from the sub-discipline of policy analysis on the complex’s institutional elements for analysing in detail, which of the elements are mutually synergistic and conflictive with other elements of the regime complex. Our results indicate that synergistic relations mostly exist among rather vague elements, often built around sustainability as a core principle. On the contrary, conflictive relations prevail as soon as the elements are designed in more concrete and substantial ways. We conclude that the forest regime complex displays only degree of seemingly synergistic fragmentation through a number of non-decisions and the use of “sustainability” as an empty formula. De facto, conflictive fragmentation prevails among elements of concrete subject matter. This raises questions on whether vast parts of regime complexes merely serve symbolic functions, while conflicts on substance are being camouflaged.
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Abbreviations
- CBD:
-
Convention on Biological Diversity
- CEDAW:
-
Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women
- CITES:
-
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
- CMS:
-
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
- ECOSOC:
-
Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
- FCPF:
-
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
- FIP:
-
Forest Investment Program
- FSC:
-
Forest Stewardship Council
- GATT:
-
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
- IAF:
-
International Agreement on Forests
- IE:
-
Institutional Element
- IFF:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
- IR:
-
International Regime
- IFRC:
-
International Forest Regime Complex
- ILO:
-
International Labour Organization
- IPF:
-
Intergovernmental Panel on Forests
- IR:
-
International Regime
- ITTA:
-
International Tropical Timber Agreement
- ITTO:
-
International Tropical Timber Organization
- NLBI:
-
Non-legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests
- PEFC:
-
Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
- REDD+:
-
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
- SFM:
-
Sustainable Forest Management
- TBT:
-
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade
- TRIPS:
-
The Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
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Acknowledgements
We thank EFI colleagues Albert Garduño and Alba Pueyo for their help with the graphics, Yitagesu Tekle for his support as well as Adeline Dontenville for her comments. We would also like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments. We further acknowledge financial support provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG).
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Rodríguez Fernández-Blanco, C., Burns, S.L. & Giessen, L. Mapping the fragmentation of the international forest regime complex: institutional elements, conflicts and synergies. Int Environ Agreements 19, 187–205 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09434-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10784-019-09434-x