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Glycosaminoglycans compositional analysis of Urodele axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and Porcine Retina

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Abstract

Retinal degenerative diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP), are major causes of blindness worldwide. Humans cannot regenerate retina, however, axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum), a laboratory-bred salamander, can regenerate retinal tissue throughout adulthood. Classic signaling pathways, including fibroblast growth factor (FGF), are involved in axolotl regeneration. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interaction with FGF is required for signal transduction in this pathway. GAGs are anionic polysaccharides in extracellular matrix (ECM) that have been implicated in limb and lens regeneration of amphibians, however, GAGs have not been investigated in the context of retinal regeneration. GAG composition is characterized native and decellularized axolotl and porcine retina using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Pig was used as a mammalian vertebrate model without the ability to regenerate retina. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was the main retinal GAG, followed by heparan sulfate (HS), hyaluronic acid, and keratan sulfate in both native and decellularized axolotl and porcine retina. Axolotl retina exhibited a distinctive GAG composition pattern in comparison with porcine retina, including a higher content of hyaluronic acid. In CS, higher levels of 4- and 6- O-sulfation were observed in axolotl retina. The HS composition was greater in decellularized tissues in both axolotl and porcine retina by 7.1% and 15.4%, respectively, and different sulfation patterns were detected in axolotl. Our findings suggest a distinctive GAG composition profile of the axolotl retina set foundation for role of GAGs in homeostatic and regenerative conditions of the axolotl retina and may further our understanding of retinal regenerative models.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by the NIH in the form of grants DK111958, CA231074, HL125371 (to RJL) and by grant NSF-CBET #1606128 (to RLC).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biochemistry and Biophysics Graduate Program, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA

    So Young Kim & Robert J. Linhardt

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Joydip Kundu & Rebecca L. Carrier

  3. Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

    Asher Williams & Robert J. Linhardt

  4. Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

    Anastasia S. Yandulskaya & James R. Monaghan

  5. Department of Biological Science, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

    Robert J. Linhardt

  6. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

    Robert J. Linhardt

  7. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA

    Robert J. Linhardt

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Kim, S.Y., Kundu, J., Williams, A. et al. Glycosaminoglycans compositional analysis of Urodele axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and Porcine Retina. Glycoconj J 36, 165–174 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10719-019-09863-5

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