Abstract
Equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) can cause rapid fluctuations in amplitude and phase of radio signals traversing the ionosphere and in turn produce serious ionospheric scintillations and disrupt satellite-based communication links. Whereas numerous studies on the generation and evolution of EPBs have been performed, the prediction of EPB and ionospheric scintillation occurrences still remains unresolved. The generalized Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability has been widely accepted as the physical mechanism responsible for the generation of EPBs. But how the factors, which seed the development of R–T instability and control the dynamics of EPBs and resultant ionospheric scintillations, change on a short-term basis are not clear. In the East and Southeast Asia, there exist significant differences in the generation rates of EPBs at closely located stations, for example, Kototabang (0.2°S, 100.3°E) and Sanya (18.3°N, 109.6°E), indicating that the decorrelation distance of EPB generation is small (hundreds of kilometers) in longitude. In contrast, after the initial generation of EPBs at one longitude, they can drift zonally more than 2000 km and extend from the magnetic equator to middle latitudes of 40° or higher under some conditions. These features make it difficult to identify the possible seeding sources for the EPBs and to accurately predict their occurrence, especially when the onset locations of EPBs are far outside the observation sector. This paper presents a review on the current knowledge of EPBs and ionospheric scintillations in the East and Southeast Asia, including their generation mechanism and occurrence morphology, and discusses some unresolved issues related to their short-term forecasting, including (1) what factors control the generation of EPBs, its day-to-day variability and storm-time behavior, (2) what factors control the evolution and lifetime of EPBs, and (3) how to accurately determine ionospheric scintillation from EPB measurements. Special focus is given to the whole process of the EPB generation, development and disruption. The current observing capabilities, future new facilities and campaign observations in the East and Southeast Asia in helping to better understand the short-term variability of EPBs and ionospheric scintillations are outlined.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41727803, 41422404), the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) (No. B-Q61L PolyU 152222/17E), the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 15H05815 and 16H05736, the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Research Network (STERN) of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Meridian Project. The data used in this study are archived at the Geophysics Center, National Earth System Science Data Center at BNOSE, IGGCAS (http://wdc.geophys.ac.cn/). Authors are grateful to Charisma Victoria De La Cruz Cayapan (National Mapping And Resource Information Authority of the Republic of the Philippines) and Gabriella Povero (LINKS Foundation) for the station information of PAGeNet and IBISCO networks. During the peer review of this paper, the coauthor, very respected Professor Weixing Wan sadly passed away. We miss him dearly.
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Li, G., Ning, B., Otsuka, Y. et al. Challenges to Equatorial Plasma Bubble and Ionospheric Scintillation Short-Term Forecasting and Future Aspects in East and Southeast Asia. Surv Geophys 42, 201–238 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09613-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-020-09613-5