Abstract
Over the years ensuring water securitisation in Central Asia is assuming geopolitical dimensions. Historical experiences, the rapid industrialisation and diversification of agricultural practices along with the pattern of water distribution in the Central Asian space rooted in historical trajectories to a greater extent are some of the factors contributing to the dynamics of water insecurity in Central Asia. It needs to be underlined here that though Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan constitute the upstream countries but their dependence on gas from Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan to a greater extent limits the “hydro-hegemony” model. However, the same model can be applied in the context of China–Kazakhstan water dispute over sharing the river Ili. At the same time, what one witnessed over some time is the proliferation of identity-based primordial conflict largely accentuated due to sharing of scarce water resources. This is aptly visible in the Ferghana region of Central Asia where three Central Asian countries—Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan–Uzbekistan—share a common border along with water bodies also. The existence of the contested geopolitical space, climate change, competition over scarce resources like water and its impact on human security are some of the factors responsible for aggravating the insecurity of Central Asia. In this regard, the existing regional mechanisms also need to be strengthened which to a substantial extent address the issue of the water crisis in a more holistic manner.
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Notes
The basic reason for adopting securitisation as developed by the Copenhagen School of thought in the present study is that geopolitics of water cannot be studied simply in the framework of distribution of the same in the form of upstream and downstream countries in the region. On the other hand, in a broader framework it affects socio-cultural, economic, environmental, health and other spheres of human life of Central Asia. Thus to understand the nature of water distribution there is a need to adopt a comprehensive approach in the present study. (Buzan B, O Wæver J de Wilde 1998). As Buzan et al. argues securitization means "widening the security agenda and taking a securitization approach to that agenda" (Ibid, p.26).
The pattern of "complex interdependence" is often characterized by "the goals of actors, instruments of state policy, agenda formation, linkages of issues, and roles of international organizations" (Keohane and Nye 1987,p.738).
As Joseph Nye observes, " soft power" operates in the premise of international relations when one country has " ability to entice and attract" other countries under its “ sphere of influence”, He further argues that " soft power resources are the assets that produce such attraction"(Nye Jr 2008,p. 9).
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Mohapatra, N.K. Geopolitics of water securitisation in Central Asia. GeoJournal 88, 897–916 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10661-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10661-0