Abstract
Water scarcity is the major concern that impacts the global economy and the livelihood of mankind. Climate change, rapid population growth, freshwater pollution, and depletion are among the factors that aggravate the situation. Although not yet exhaustively exploited, reclamation and reuse of wastewater are considered as potential mechanisms to mitigate the challenge. In relation to reclamation, conventional wastewater treatment plants are designed to remove organic matter, total solids, and nutrients but fail to remove the emerging micropollutants. A decentralized wastewater treatment system is another potential and emerging approach for sustainable water reuse at the point of the wastewater generation. However, its application is not exclusively independent of the centralized system; rather the integration of the two systems is recommendable to depend on the local situations. To remove micropollutants, integrating advanced wastewater technologies should be considered as well as advanced analytical instruments for proper monitoring. Although the reuse of reclaimed water in crop irrigation is a well-established practice, it lacks uniformity across the globe. Furthermore, if not properly monitored, the reuse of reclaimed water also has adverse effects on the soil properties and public health. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the impacts of global freshwater scarcity, water resources management and monitoring practice, state-of-the-art (waste)water treatment technologies and experience of reusing reclaimed water, particularly in agricultural irrigation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abbas, A., Schneider, I., Schulte-Oehlmann, U., Oehlmann, J., Wagner, M., Valek, L., et al. (2018). Ecotoxicological impacts of surface water and wastewater from conventional and advanced treatment technologies on brood size, larval length, and cytochrome P450 (35A3) expression in Caenorhabditis elegans. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 13868–13880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1605-2.
Ait-Mouheb, N., Bahri, A., Thayer, B. B., Benyahia, B., Bourrié, G., Cherki, B., et al. (2018). The reuse of reclaimed water for irrigation around the Mediterranean Rim: A step towards a more virtuous cycle? Regional Environmental Change, 18, 693–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-018-1292-z.
Amoatey, P., & Bani, R. (2011). Wastewater management programs. In Metal finishing (Vol. 1, p. 87). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0026-0576(02)80424-x
Angelakis, A. N., & Bontoux, L. (2001). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Eureau countries. Water Policy, 3, 47–59.
Angelakis, A. N., & Snyder, S. A. (2015). Wastewater treatment and reuse: Past, present, and future. Water, 7(9), 4887–4895. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7094887.
Arola, K., Hatakka, H., Mänttäri, M., & Kallioinen, M. (2017). Novel process concept alternatives for improved removal of micropollutants in wastewater treatment. Separation and Purification Technology, 186, 333–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.06.019.
Barbosa, M. O., Moreira, N. F. F., Ribeiro, A. R., Pereira, M. F. R., & Silva, A. M. T. (2016). Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants: An overview of the watch list of EU Decision 2015/495. Water Research, 94, 257–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.02.047.
Basel, M., Sawaf, A., & Karaca, F. (2018). Different stakeholders’ opinions toward the sustainability of common textile wastewater treatment technologies in Turkey: A Case study Istanbul province. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.027.
Becerra-Castro, C., Lopes, A. R., Vaz-Moreira, I., Silva, E. F., Manaia, C. M., & Nunes, O. C. (2015). Wastewater reuse in irrigation: A microbiological perspective on implications in soil fertility and human and environmental health. Environment International, 75, 117–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.11.001.
Bollmann, A. F., Seitz, W., Prasse, C., Lucke, T., Schulz, W., & Ternes, T. (2016). Occurrence and fate of amisulpride, sulpiride, and lamotrigine in municipal wastewater treatment plants with biological treatment and ozonation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 320, 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.08.022.
Bonneau, J., Fletcher, T. D., Costelloe, J. F., Poelsma, P. J., James, R. B., & Burns, M. J. (2018). Where does infiltrated stormwater go ? Interactions with vegetation and subsurface anthropogenic features. Journal of Hydrology, 567(October), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.10.006.
Bourgin, M., Beck, B., Boehler, M., Borowska, E., Fleiner, J., Salhi, E., et al. (2018). Evaluation of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant upgraded with ozonation and biological post-treatments: Abatement of micropollutants, formation of transformation products and oxidation by-products. Water Research, 129, 486–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.036.
Burek, P., Satoh, Y., Fischer, G., Kahil, M. T., Scherzer, A., Tramberend, S., Nava, L. F., Wada, Y., Eisner, S., Flörke, M., Hanasaki, N., Magnuszewski, P., Cosgrove, B., & Wiberg, D. (2016). Water futures and solution. Water futures and solution: Fast track initiative (final report). IIASA Working Paper. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria.
Caicedo, C., Rosenwinkel, K. H., Exner, M., Verstraete, W., Suchenwirth, R., Hartemann, P., et al. (2019). Legionella occurrence in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and risks of reclaimed wastewater reuse: Review. Water Research, 149, 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.080.
Carneiro, R. B., Sabatini, C. A., Santos-neto, Á. J., & Zaiat, M. (2019). Feasibility of anaerobic packed and structured-bed reactors for sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin removal from domestic sewage. Science of the Total Environment, 678, 419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.437.
Carolin, C. F., Kumar, P. S., Saravanan, A., Joshiba, G. J., & Naushad, M. (2017). Efficient techniques for the removal of toxic heavy metals from aquatic environment: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(3), 2782–2799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2017.05.029.
Chen, W., Lu, S., Jiao, W., Wang, M., & Chang, A. C. (2013). Reclaimed water: A safe irrigation water source? Environmental Development, 8(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2013.04.003.
Cirelli, G. L., Consoli, S., Licciardello, F., Aiello, R., Giuffrida, F., & Leonardi, C. (2012). Treated municipal wastewater reuse in vegetable production. Agricultural Water Management, 104, 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.12.011.
Cirja, M., Ivashechkin, P., Schäffer, A., & Corvini, P. F. X. (2008). Factors affecting the removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater in conventional treatment plants (CTP) and membrane bioreactors (MBR). Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 7, 61–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-007-9121-8.
Clara, M., Strenn, B., Gans, O., Martinez, E., Kreuzinger, N., & Kroiss, H. (2005). Removal of selected pharmaceuticals, fragrances and endocrine disrupting compounds in a membrane bioreactor and conventional wastewater treatment plants. Water Research, 39, 4797–4807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2005.09.015.
Corcoran, E., Nellemann, C., Baker, E., Bos, R., Osborn, D., & Savelli, H. (2010). Sick water? The central role of waste-water management in sustainable development. A rapid response assessment. United Nations Environment Programme, UN-HABITAT, GRID-Arendal. www.grida.no. UNEP and UN-HABITAT in partnership with members Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway Disclaimer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-011-0140-x
Cruz-Alcalde, A., Esplugas, S., & Sans, C. (2019). Abatement of ozone-recalcitrant micropollutants during municipal wastewater ozonation: Kinetic modelling and surrogate-based control strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 360(October 2018), 1092–1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.10.206.
Deng, S., Yan, X., Zhu, Q., & Liao, C. (2019). The utilization of reclaimed water: Possible risks arising from waterborne contaminants. Environmental Pollution, 254, 113020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113020.
Diaz-Elsayed, N., Rezaei, N., Guo, T., Mohebbi, S., & Zhang, Q. (2019). Wastewater-based resource recovery technologies across scale: A review. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 145, 94–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.12.035.
Dong, W., Jin, Y., Zhou, K., Sun, S., Li, Y., & Dong, X. (2019). Efficient degradation of pharmaceutical micropollutants in water and wastewater by Fe III-NTA-catalyzed neutral photo-Fenton process. Science of the Total Environment, 688, 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.315.
Drechsel, P., & Evans, A. E. V. (2010). Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. Irrigation and Drainage Systems, 24(1–2), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10795-010-9095-5.
Egea-Corbacho Lopera, A., Gutiérrez Ruiz, S., & Quiroga Alonso, J. M. (2019). Removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater using reverse osmosis for its subsequent reuse: Pilot plant. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 29, 100800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100800.
Elfanssi, S., Ouazzani, N., & Mandi, L. (2018). Soil properties and agro-physiological responses of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) irrigated by treated domestic wastewater. Agricultural Water Management, 202, 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.02.003.
Elgallal, M., Fletcher, L., & Evans, B. (2016). Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones: A review. Agricultural Water Management, 177, 419–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.027.
Entezari, A., Wang, R. Z., Zhao, S., Mahdinia, E., Wang, J. Y., Tu, Y. D., et al. (2019). Sustainable agriculture for water-stressed regions by air–water–energy management. Energy, 181, 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.06.045.
Falås, P., Wick, A., Castronovo, S., Habermacher, J., Ternes, T. A., & Joss, A. (2016). Tracing the limits of organic micropollutant removal in biological wastewater treatment. Water Research, 95, 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.03.009.
FAO. (2015). Towards a water and food secure future: Critical perspectives for policy-makers. World Water Council (Vol. I4560). Marseille. http://www.fao.org/nr/water/docs/FAO_WWC_white_paper_web.pdf.
Feulner, G. (2017). Global challenges: Climate change. Global Challenges, 1(1), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/gch2.1003.
Forrest, N., Stein, Z., & Wiek, A. (2019). Water-independent residential properties as a transformational solution to achieve water sustainability in desert cities? Journal of Cleaner Production, 214, 1038–1049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.309.
Galvis, A., Jaramillo, M. F., van der Steen, P., & Gijzen, H. J. (2018). Financial aspects of reclaimed wastewater irrigation in three sugarcane production areas in the Upper Cauca river Basin, Colombia. Agricultural Water Management, 209(June), 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.019.
Garcia, X., & Pargament, D. (2015). Reusing wastewater to cope with water scarcity: Economic, social and environmental considerations for decision-making. Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 101, 154–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.05.015.
Gisi, S. D., Casella, P., Cellamare, C. M., Ferraris, M., Petta, L., & Notarnicola, M. (2017). Wastewater reuse. Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies, 4, 53–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10528-7.
Goswami, L., Vinoth Kumar, R., Borah, S. N., Arul Manikandan, N., Pakshirajan, K., & Pugazhenthi, G. (2018). Membrane bioreactor and integrated membrane bioreactor systems for micropollutant removal from wastewater: A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 26, 314–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.10.024.
Gu, J., Liu, H., Wang, S., Zhang, M., & Liu, Y. (2019). An innovative anaerobic MBR-reverse osmosis-ion exchange process for energy-efficient reclamation of municipal wastewater to NEWater-like product water. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 1287–1293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.198.
Guillossou, R., Le Roux, J., Mailler, R., Vulliet, E., Morlay, C., Nauleau, F., et al. (2019). Organic micropollutants in a large wastewater treatment plant: What are the benefits of an advanced treatment by activated carbon adsorption in comparison to conventional treatment? Chemosphere, 218, 1050–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.182.
Hale, R., Swearer, S. E., Sievers, M., & Coleman, R. (2019). Balancing biodiversity outcomes and pollution management in urban stormwater treatment wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 233, 302–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.064.
Hamilton, K. A., Hamilton, M. T., Johnson, W., Jjemba, P., Bukhari, Z., LeChevallier, M., et al. (2018). Health risks from exposure to Legionella in reclaimed water aerosols: Toilet flushing, spray irrigation, and cooling towers. Water Research, 134, 261–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.022.
Han, N., Reinhard, M., Khan, E., Chen, H., Tung, V., Li, Y., et al. (2019). Environment emerging contaminants in wastewater, stormwater runoff, and surface water: Application as chemical markers for diffuse sources. Science of the Total Environment, 676, 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.160.
Hanjra, M. A., Blackwell, J., Carr, G., Zhang, F., & Jackson, T. M. (2012). Wastewater irrigation and environmental health: Implications for water governance and public policy. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 215(3), 255–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2011.10.003.
Henneberg, A., & Triebskorn, R. (2015). Efficiency of advanced wastewater treatment technologies for the reduction of hormonal activity in effluents and connected surface water bodies by means of vitellogenin analyses in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario. Environmental Sciences Europe, 27, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-015-0056-3.
Herrera, V. (2019). Reconciling global aspirations and local realities: Challenges facing the sustainable development goals for water and sanitation. World Development, 118, 106–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.009.
Hidayaturrahman, H., & Lee, T.-G. (2019). A study on characteristics of microplastic in wastewater of South Korea: Identification, quantification, and fate of microplastics during treatment process. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 146, 696–702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.071.
Hochstrat, R., Wintgens, T., Melin, T., & Jeffrey, P. (2006). Assessing the European wastewater reclamation and reuse potential—A scenario analysis. Desalination, 188(1–3), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.096.
Huertas, E., Salgot, M., Hollender, J., Weber, S., Dott, W., Khan, S., et al. (2008). Key objectives for water reuse concepts. Desalination, 218, 120–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.09.032.
Hung, Y.-T., Wang, L. K., & Shammas, N. K. (2012). Handbook of environment and waste management. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814327701.
Hunter, R. G., Day, J. W., Wiegman, A. R., & Lane, R. R. (2018). Municipal wastewater treatment costs with an emphasis on assimilation wetlands in the Louisiana coastal zone. Ecological Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.020.
Ivanovsky, A., Belles, A., Criquet, J., Dumoulin, D., Noble, P., Alary, C., et al. (2018). Assessment of the treatment efficiency of an urban stormwater pond and its impact on the natural downstream watercourse. Journal of Environmental Management, 226(July), 120–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.015.
IWA. (2012). Long-term master plan for the national water sector part A—Policy document version 4. Water authority (Vol. 4). https://www.water.gov.il/Hebrew/Planning-and-Development/Planning/MasterPlan/DocLib4/MasterPlan-en-v.4.pdf%0A.
Jacob, M., Guigui, C., Cabassud, C., Darras, H., Lavison, G., & Moulin, L. (2010). Performances of RO and NF processes for wastewater reuse: Tertiary treatment after a conventional activated sludge or a membrane bioreactor. Desalination, 250(2), 833–839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2008.11.052.
Jamil, S., Loganathan, P., Kazner, C., & Vigneswaran, S. (2015). Forward osmosis treatment for volume minimisation of reverse osmosis concentrate from a water reclamation plant and removal of organic micropollutants. DES, 372, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2015.06.013.
Jaramillo, M. F., & Restrepo, I. (2017). Wastewater reuse in agriculture: A review about its limitations and benefits. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su9101734.
Jelic, A., Gros, M., Ginebreda, A., Cespedes-Sánchez, R., Ventura, F., Petrovic, M., et al. (2011). Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Research, 45(3), 1165–1176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2010.11.010.
Jiang, J. Q., Zhou, Z., & Sharma, V. K. (2013). Occurrence, transportation, monitoring and treatment of emerging micro-pollutants in waste water—A review from global views. Microchemical Journal, 110, 292–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2013.04.014.
Jones, S. M., Chowdhury, Z. K., & Watts, M. J. (2017). A taxonomy of chemicals of emerging concern based on observed fate at water resource recovery facilities. Chemosphere, 170, 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.11.075.
Joss, A., Siegrist, H., & Ternes, T. A. (2008). Are we about to upgrade wastewater treatment for removing organic micropollutants? Water Science and Technology, 57, 251–255. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.825.
Jung, Y. T., Narayanan, N. C., & Cheng, Y. L. (2018). Cost comparison of centralized and decentralized wastewater management systems using optimization model. Journal of Environmental Management, 213, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.081.
Kamali, M., Costa, M. E., Aminabhavi, T. M., & Capela, I. (2019). Sustainability of treatment technologies for industrial biowastes effluents. Chemical Engineering Journal, 370, 1511–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.010.
Kamau, M., Chasek, P., & O’Connor, D. (2018). Transforming multilateral diplomacy, the inside story of the sustainable development goals. London: Taylor & Francis.
Khan, M. A., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Liu, Y., Chang, S. W., Nguyen, D. D., et al. (2018). Can membrane bioreactor be a smart option for water treatment? Bioresource Technology Reports, 4, 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2018.09.002.
Krzeminski, P., Tomei, M. C., Karaolia, P., Langenhoff, A., Almeida, C. M. R., Felis, E., et al. (2019). Performance of secondary wastewater treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern implicated in crop uptake and antibiotic resistance spread: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 648, 1052–1081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.130.
Lefebvre, O. (2018). Beyond NEWater: An insight into Singapore’ s water reuse prospects. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 26–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2017.12.001.
Li, H., Liu, F., Luo, P., Xie, G., Xiao, R., Hu, W., et al. (2018). Performance of integrated ecological treatment system for decentralized rural wastewater and significance of plant harvest management. Ecological Engineering, 124(September), 69–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2018.09.022.
Li, Y., Zhu, G., Ng, W. J., & Tan, S. K. (2014). A review on removing pharmaceutical contaminants from wastewater by constructed wetlands: Design, performance and mechanism. Science of the Total Environment, 468–469, 908–932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.018.
Libralato, G., Volpi Ghirardini, A., & Avezzù, F. (2012). To centralise or to decentralise: An overview of the most recent trends in wastewater treatment management. Journal of Environmental Management, 94, 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.07.010.
Libutti, A., Gatta, G., Gagliardi, A., Vergine, P., Pollice, A., Beneduce, L., et al. (2018). Agro-industrial wastewater reuse for irrigation of a vegetable crop succession under Mediterranean conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 196, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.10.015.
Licciardello, F., Milani, M., Consoli, S., Pappalardo, N., Barbagallo, S., & Cirelli, G. (2018). Wastewater tertiary treatment options to match reuse standards in agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 210(August), 232–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.08.001.
Liu, X., Yuan, W., Di, M., Li, Z., & Wang, J. (2019). Transfer and fate of microplastics during the conventional activated sludge process in one wastewater treatment plant of China. Chemical Engineering Journal, 362(November 2018), 176–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.01.033.
López-serna, R., Posadas, E., García-encina, P. A., & Muñoz, R. (2019). Removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater in novel algal–bacterial photobioreactors. Science of the Total Environment, 662, 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.206.
Luo, Y., Guo, W., Hao, H., Duc, L., Ibney, F., Zhang, J., et al. (2014). A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment, The, 473–474, 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065.
Lyu, S., Chen, W., Zhang, W., Fan, Y., & Jiao, W. (2016). Wastewater reclamation and reuse in China: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 39, 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.012.
Maaß, O., & Grundmann, P. (2016). Added-value from linking the value chains of wastewater treatment, crop production and bioenergy production: A case study on reusing wastewater and sludge in crop production in Braunschweig (Germany). Resources, Conservation & Recycling, 107, 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.01.002.
Machado, A. I., Beretta, M., Fragoso, R., & Duarte, E. (2017). Overview of the state of the art of constructed wetlands for decentralized wastewater management in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Management, 187, 560–570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.11.015.
Mailler, R., Gasperi, J., Coquet, Y., Derome, C., Buleté, A., Vulliet, E., et al. (2016). Removal of emerging micropollutants from wastewater by activated carbon adsorption: Experimental study of different activated carbons and factors influencing the adsorption of micropollutants in wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 4(1), 1102–1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2016.01.018.
Malik, O. A., Hsu, A., Johnson, L. A., & de Sherbinin, A. (2015). A global indicator of wastewater treatment to inform the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Environmental Science and Policy, 48, 172–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.01.005.
Maryam, B., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2017). Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 30(October 2017), 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.10.001.
Maryam, B., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2019a). Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 30, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.10.001.
Maryam, B., & Büyükgüngör, H. (2019b). Wastewater reclamation and reuse trends in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 30(September 2017), 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.10.001.
Massoud, M. A., Tarhini, A., & Nasr, J. A. (2009). Decentralized approaches to wastewater treatment and management: Applicability in developing countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 652–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.07.001.
Matamoros, V., García, J., & Bayona, J. M. (2008). Organic micropollutant removal in a full-scale surface flow constructed wetland fed with secondary effluent. Water Research, 42(3), 653–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.08.016.
Mathon, B., Coquery, M., Miège, C., Vandycke, A., & Choubert, J. M. (2019). Influence of water depth and season on the photodegradation of micropollutants in a free-water surface constructed wetland receiving treated wastewater. Chemosphere, 235, 260–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.140.
McDonald, R. I., Weber, K., Padowski, J., Flörke, M., Schneider, C., Green, P. A., et al. (2014). Water on an urban planet: Urbanization and the reach of urban water infrastructure. Global Environmental Change, 27(1), 96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.04.022.
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, Y. A. (2016). Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2(February), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2014.09.014.
Mendret, J., Azais, A., Favier, T., & Brosillon, S. (2019). Urban wastewater reuse using a coupling between nanofiltration and ozonation: Techno-economic assessment. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 145, 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2019.02.034.
Moelants, N., Janssen, G., Smets, I., & Van Impe, J. (2008). Field performance assessment of onsite individual wastewater treatment systems. Water Science and Technology, 58(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.325.
Mojiri, A., Vakili, M., Farraji, H., & Qarani, S. (2019). Combined ozone oxidation process and adsorption methods for the removal of acetaminophen and amoxicillin from aqueous solution; kinetic and optimisation. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 15, 100404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100404.
Molinos-Senante, M., Gómez, T., Caballero, R., Hernández-Sancho, F., & Sala-Garrido, R. (2015). Assessment of wastewater treatment alternatives for small communities: An analytic network process approach. Science of the Total Environment, 532, 676–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.059.
Moya-Llamas, M. J., Trapote, A., & Prats, D. (2018). Removal of micropollutants from urban wastewater using a UASB reactor coupled to a MBR at different organic loading rates. Urban Water Journal, 15(5), 437–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2018.1508599.
Murashko, K., Nikku, M., Sermyagina, E., Vauterin, J. J., Hyppänen, T., Vakkilainen, E., et al. (2018). Techno-economic analysis of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant operating in closed-loop. A Finnish case study. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 25, 278–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2018.08.011.
Musazura, W., Odindo, A. O., Tesfamariam, E. H., Hughes, J. C., & Buckley, C. A. (2019). Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in plants and soil fertigated with decentralised wastewater treatment effluent. Agricultural Water Management, 215(January), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.01.005.
National Wateragency. (2018). NEWater. Retrieved July 11, 2018, from https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/newater.
Neczaj, E., & Grosser, A. (2018). Circular economy in wastewater treatment plant–challenges and barriers. MDPI Proceedings, 2(11), 614. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110614.
Odlare, M. (2014). Introductory chapter for water resources. In S. A. Elias (Ed.), Reference module in earth systems and environmental sciences (pp. 1–2). Västerås: Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09035-7.
Oller, I., & Malato, S. (2019). Microbiological evaluation of combined advanced chemical–biological oxidation technologies for the treatment of cork boiling wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 687, 567–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.335.
Parish, E. S., Kodra, E., Steinhaeuser, K., & Ganguly, A. R. (2012). Estimating future global per capita water availability based on changes in climate and population. Computers and Geosciences, 42, 79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2012.01.019.
Paruch, A. M., Mæhlum, T., Eltun, R., Tapu, E., & Spinu, O. (2019). Green wastewater treatment technology for agritourism business in Romania. Ecological Engineering, 138, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.07.005.
Pedrero, F., Kalavrouziotis, I., Alarcón, J. J., Koukoulakis, P., & Asano, T. (2010). Use of treated municipal wastewater in irrigated agriculture—Review of some practices in Spain and Greece. Agricultural Water Management, 97(9), 1233–1241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.03.003.
Pei, M., Zhang, B., He, Y., Su, J., Gin, K., Lev, O., et al. (2019). State of the art of tertiary treatment technologies for controlling antibiotic resistance in wastewater treatment plants. Environment International, 131, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105026.
Pintilie, L., Torres, C. M., Teodosiu, C., & Castells, F. (2016). Urban wastewater reclamation for industrial reuse: An LCA case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.07.209.
Puyol, D., Batstone, D. J., Hülsen, T., Astals, S., Peces, M., & Krömer, J. O. (2017). Resource recovery from wastewater by biological technologies: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.02106.
Qadir, M., Wichelns, D., Raschid-Sally, L., McCornick, P. G., Drechsel, P., Bahri, A., et al. (2010). The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agricultural Water Management, 97(4), 561–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2008.11.004.
Quach-Cu, J., Herrera-Lynch, B., Marciniak, C., Adams, S., Simmerman, A., & Reinke, R. A. (2018). The effect of primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment processes on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) concentrations in solid and dissolved wastewater fractions. Water (Switzerland), 10(1), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10010037.
Radjenović, J., Petrović, M., & Barceló, D. (2009). Fate and distribution of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and sewage sludge of the conventional activated sludge (CAS) and advanced membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment. Water Research, 43, 831–841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2008.11.043.
Ricart, S., & Rico, A. M. (2019). Assessing technical and social driving factors of water reuse in agriculture: A review on risks, regulation and the yuck factor. Agricultural Water Management, 217, 426–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.017.
Rizzo, L., Malato, S., Antakyali, D., Beretsou, V. G., Đolić, M. B., Gernjak, W., et al. (2019). Consolidated vs new advanced treatment methods for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern from urban wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 655(October 2018), 986–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.265.
Roccaro, P., & Verlicchi, P. (2018). Wastewater and reuse. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 61–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.03.008.
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O. M., Peralta-Hernandez, J. M., Goonetilleke, A., & Bandala, E. R. (2017). Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.106.
Sahukhal, R., & Bajracharya, T. R. (2019). Modeling water resources under competing demands for sustainable development: A case study of Kaligandaki Gorge Hydropower Project in Nepal. Water Science and Engineering, 12(1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wse.2019.03.002.
Salgot, M., & Folch, M. (2018). Wastewater treatment and water reuse. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.03.005.
Sato, T., Qadir, M., Yamamoto, S., Endo, T., & Zahoor, A. (2013). Global, regional, and country level need for data on wastewater generation, treatment, and use. Agricultural Water Management, 130, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.08.007.
Savchenko, O. M., Kecinski, M., Li, T., & Messer, K. D. (2019). Reclaimed water and food production: Cautionary tales from consumer research. Environmental Research, 170, 320–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.051.
Schoen, M. E., & Garland, J. (2017). Review of pathogen treatment reductions for onsite non-potable reuse of alternative source waters. Microbial Risk Analysis, 5, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mran.2015.10.001.
Seifert, C., Krannich, T., & Guenther, E. (2019). Gearing up sustainability thinking and reducing the bystander effect—A case study of wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Environmental Management, 231(March 2018), 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.087.
Sgroi, M., Vagliasindi, F. G. A., & Roccaro, P. (2018). Feasibility, sustainability and circular economy concepts in water reuse. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.01.004.
Shakir, E., Zahraw, Z., & Al-Obaidy, A. H. M. J. (2017). Environmental and health risks associated with reuse of wastewater for irrigation. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2016.01.003.
Singh, R., Samal, K., Dash, R. R., & Bhunia, P. (2019). Vermi filtration as a sustainable natural treatment technology for the treatment and reuse of wastewater: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 247, 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.06.075.
Smith, K., Liu, S., Hu, H., Dong, X., & Wen, X. (2018). Water and energy recovery: The future of wastewater in China. Science of the Total Environment, 637–638, 1466–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.124.
Su, X., Chiang, P., Pan, S., Chen, G., Tao, Y., Wu, G., et al. (2019). Systematic approach to evaluating environmental and ecological technologies for wastewater treatment. Chemosphere, 218, 778–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.108.
Sun, J., Dai, X., Wang, Q., van Loosdrecht, M. C. M., & Ni, B. J. (2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Detection, occurrence and removal. Water Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.12.050.
Talvitie, J., Mikola, A., Koistinen, A., & Setälä, O. (2017). Solutions to microplastic pollution—Removal of microplastics from wastewater effluent with advanced wastewater treatment technologies. Water Research, 123, 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.005.
Thi, L., Cong, C., Van Der Steen, P., & Lens, P. N. L. (2013). Exploring the potential for wastewater reuse in agriculture as a climate change adaptation measure for Can Tho City, Vietnam. Agricultural Water Management, 128, 43–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2013.06.003.
Tomei, M. C., Mosca, D., Mascolo, G., & Kunkel, U. (2019). Post-aerobic treatment to enhance the removal of conventional and emerging micropollutants in the digestion of waste sludge. Waste Management, 96, 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.013.
Tram Vo, P., Ngo, H. H., Guo, W., Zhou, J. L., Nguyen, P. D., Listowski, A., et al. (2014). A mini-review on the impacts of climate change on wastewater reclamation and reuse. Science of the Total Environment, 494–495, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.090.
Travis, M. J., Weisbrod, N., & Gross, A. (2012). Decentralized wetland-based treatment of oil-rich farm wastewater for reuse in an arid environment. Ecological Engineering, 39, 81–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2011.11.008.
UN-Water. (2015). WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). 2015. The United Nations world water development report 2015: Water for a sustainable world. Paris, UNESCO.https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002318/231823E.pdf.
UN-Water. (2017). The United Nations world water development report, wastewater the untapped resource.
UN-Water. (2018). Sustainable development goal 6 synthesis report 2018 on water and sanitation, New York.
UN-Water. (2019). United nations world water development report 19: Leaving no one behind, Paris.
Vergine, P., Salerno, C., Libutti, A., Beneduce, L., Gatta, G., & Berardi, G. (2017). Closing the water cycle in the agro-industrial sector by reusing treated wastewater for irrigation. Journal of Cleaner Production Journal, 164, 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.239.
Verlicchi, P., & Zambello, E. (2014). How efficient are constructed wetlands in removing pharmaceuticals from untreated and treated urban wastewaters? A review. Science of the Total Environment, 470–471, 1281–1306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.085.
Voulvoulis, N. (2018). Water reuse from a circular economy perspective and potential risks from an unregulated approach. Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health, 2, 32–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.01.005.
Wade Miller, G. (2006). Integrated concepts in water reuse: Managing global water needs. Desalination, 187(1–3), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.068.
Wang, J., Tian, Z., Huo, Y., Yang, M., Zheng, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018). Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes. Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 67, 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2017.09.014.
Willet, J., Wetser, K., Vreeburg, J., & Rijnaarts, H. H. M. (2019). Review of methods to assess sustainability of industrial water use. Water Resources and Industry, 21(May 2018), 100110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wri.2019.100110.
World Economic Forum. (2017). The Global risks report 2017 12th edition summary for policymakers. Climate change 2013—The physical science basis. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
Yadav, M. K., Short, M. D., Gerber, C., Awad, J., van den Akker, B., & Saint, C. P. (2019). Removal of emerging drugs of addiction by wastewater treatment and water recycling processes and impacts on effluent-associated environmental risk. Science of the Total Environment, 680, 13–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.068.
Yang, H., & Abbaspour, K. C. (2007). Analysis of wastewater reuse potential in Beijing. Desalination, 212(1–3), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.10.012.
Yaqub, M., & Lee, W. (2019). Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) technology for resource recovery from wastewater: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 681, 551–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.062.
Zaharia, C. (2017). Decentralized wastewater treatment systems: Efficiency and its estimated impact against onsite natural water pollution status. A Romanian case study. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 108, 74–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2017.02.004.
Zalacáin, D., Bienes, R., Sastre-Merlín, A., Martínez-Pérez, S., & García-Díaz, A. (2019). Influence of reclaimed water irrigation in soil physical properties of urban parks: A case study in Madrid (Spain). CATENA, 180(May), 333–340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.05.012.
Zhang, W., Gago-ferrero, P., Gao, Q., Ahrens, L., Blum, K., Rostvall, A., et al. (2019). Evaluation of five filter media in column experiment on the removal of selected organic micropollutants and phosphorus from household wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, 246, 920–928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.05.137.
Zhou, H., Li, X., Xu, G., & Yu, H. (2018). Overview of strategies for enhanced treatment of municipal/domestic wastewater at low temperature. Science of the Total Environment, 643, 225–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.100.
Zhou, Y., Meng, J., Zhang, M., Chen, S., He, B., Zhao, H., et al. (2019). Which type of pollutants need to be controlled with priority in wastewater treatment plants: Traditional or emerging pollutants? Environmental International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.104982.
Zyłła, R., Boruta, T., Gmurek, M., Milala, R., & Ledakowicz, S. (2019). Integration of advanced oxidation and membrane filtration for removal of micropollutants of emerging concern. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 130, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.07.021.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, particularly the Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Campus Kortrijk, for the provision of the different facilities, services, and sponsorship for this work under grant name of the Global Mind Fund.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Fito, J., Van Hulle, S.W.H. Wastewater reclamation and reuse potentials in agriculture: towards environmental sustainability. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 2949–2972 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00732-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00732-y