Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

A review of policies and initiatives for climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh

  • Review
  • Published:
Environment, Development and Sustainability Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Mitigating climate change via initiatives such as reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and renewable energy (RE) generation helps in reducing environmental pollution, increasing efficiency, and saving costs in the energy industry. Bangladesh recently formulated some policies and initiatives for reducing GHG emissions that have been increasing at an alarming rate lately, which are driven largely by economic growth, energy security, and local environmental concerns. However, little is known about the impacts of the existing policies and initiatives on curbing GHG emissions and promoting environmental sustainability, especially from the agriculture and energy sectors that contribute 44% and 39% to the country’s net emissions, respectively. This study, therefore, reviews the extent of GHG emissions in the country and analyzes the country’s key policies and initiatives for mitigating climate change and promoting environmental sustainability. The key finding is that despite the existence of a national energy policy and initiatives such as RE development, rational and efficient use of energy, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, clean development mechanism, international and private sector collaboration, GHG emissions are projected to continue to grow at high rates due to population growth, industrialization, energy consumption growth that outpace government initiatives to reduce emission levels. The paper concludes that good governance, behavioral transformation, and public awareness about climate change are vital steps for reducing GHG emissions and promoting environmental sustainability.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abubakar, I. R., & Aina, Y. A. (2016). Achieving sustainable cities in Saudi Arabia: Juggling the competing urbanization challenges. In U. G. Benna (Ed.), Population growth and rapid urbanization in the developing world (pp. 42–63). Hershey: IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0187-9.ch003.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Abubakar, I. R., & Aina, Y. A. (2019). The prospects and challenges of developing more inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities in Nigeria. Land Use Policy, 87, 104105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abubakar, I. R., & Dano, U. L. (2019). Sustainable urban planning strategies for mitigating climate change in Saudi Arabia. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00417-1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahiduzzaman, M., & Islam, A. K. M. S. (2009). Energy utilization and environmental aspects of rice processing industries in Bangladesh. Energies, 2(1), 134–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahiduzzaman, M., & Sadrul Islam, A. K. M. (2011). Greenhouse gas emission and renewable energy sources for sustainable development in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(9), 4659–4666.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, A. U. (2006). Bangladesh climate change impacts and vulnerability: A synthesis: Climate Change Cell, Department of Environment.

  • Ahmed, N., Cheung, W. W., Thompson, S., & Glaser, M. (2017). Solutions to blue carbon emissions: Shrimp cultivation, mangrove deforestation and climate change in coastal Bangladesh. Marine Policy, 82, 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, S., Islam, M. T., Karim, M. A., & Karim, N. M. (2014). Exploitation of renewable energy for sustainable development and overcoming power crisis in Bangladesh. Renewable Energy, 72, 223–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahsan, S., Ali, M., Hoque, M., Osman, M., Rahman, M., Babar, M., et al. (2010). Agricultural and environmental changes in Bangladesh in response to global warming Climate Change and Food Security in South Asia (pp. 119–134). Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alauddin, M. (2015). Development of renewable energy in Bangladesh. https://www.thedailystar.net/development-of-renewable-energy-in-bangladesh-49670. Accessed October 8, 2018.

  • Alshuwaikhat, H. M., & Abubakar, I. (2007). Towards a sustainable urban environmental management approach (SUEMA): Incorporating environmental management with strategic environmental assessment (SEA). Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 50(2), 257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Azad, A. K., Nashreen, S., & Sultana, J. (2006). State of energy consumption and CO2 emission in Bangladesh. AMBIO A Journal of the Human Environment, 35(2), 86–88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bala, B. K., & Hossain, M. A. (2010). Food security and ecological footprint of coastal zone of Bangladesh. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 12(4), 531–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangladesh Bank. (2019). Survey report: Foreign direct investment in Bangladesh. https://www.bb.org.bd/. Accessed October 28, 2019.

  • Baul, T., Datta, D., & Alam, A. (2018). A comparative study on household level energy consumption and related emissions from renewable (biomass) and non-renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. Energy Policy, 114, 598–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • BBS. (2018). Yearbook of Agricultural Statistics-2017. Statistics and Informatics Division (SID), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh.

  • Begum, K., Kuhnert, M., Yeluripati, J. B., Ogle, S. M., Parton, W. J., Williams, S. A., et al. (2019). Modelling greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation potentials in fertilized paddy rice fields in Bangladesh. Geoderma, 341, 206–215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Begum, K., Kuhnert, M., Yeluripati, J., Smith, P., Ogle, S., Parton, W., & Sleutel, S. (2017). Greenhouse gas emission and mitigation potential of changes in water management for two rice sites in Bangladesh. In Paper presented at the EGU general assembly conference abstracts.

  • Bhuiyan, A. A., Islam, A. S., & Alam, A. I. (2011). Application of wind resource assessment (WEA) Tool: A case study in Kuakata, Bangladesh. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER), 1(3), 192–199.

    Google Scholar 

  • BP. (2019). Statistical review of world energy. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2019-full-report.pdf. Accessed October 27, 2019.

  • BPDB. (2018). Present Installed Generation Capacity (MW) as on December 2017. http://bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb_new/index.php/site/page/2cd8-9540-95fe-d2c3-23bc-fc84-3475-2c9d-3acc-a10a. Accessed October 28, 2019.

  • BPDB. (2019). Present Installed Generation Capacity (MW) as on 02 September, 2019. http://bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb_new/index.php/site/page/13e9-2cc0-ce41-9c09-088d-94d5-f546-04a6-b4fa-1d18. Accessed October 28, 2019.

  • Cadez, S., & Czerny, A. (2010). Carbon management strategies in manufacturing companies: An exploratory note. Journal for East European Management Studies, 15(4), 348–360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadez, S., & Czerny, A. (2016). Climate change mitigation strategies in carbon-intensive firms. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 4132–4143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cadez, S., Czerny, A., & Letmathe, P. (2019). Stakeholder pressures and corporate climate change mitigation strategies. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadez, S., & Guilding, C. (2017). Examining distinct carbon cost structures and climate change abatement strategies in CO2 polluting firms. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 30(5), 1041–1064.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, W., Secrest, T., Logan, J., Schaeffer, R., Szklo, A., Schuler, M., & Huaqing, X. (2002). Climate Change Mitigation in Developing Countries. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey. https://www.c2es.org/. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • Chary, S. R., & Bohara, A. K. (2010). Energy consumption in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan: Cointegration analysis. The Journal of Developing Areas, 44(1), 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhetri, A. B., Watts, K. C., & Islam, M. R. (2008). Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production. Energies, 1(1), 3–18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • CIA. (2019). The world factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg.html. Accessed October 25, 2019.

  • Cooper, D. C., & Sehlke, G. (2012). Sustainability and energy development: Influences of greenhouse gas emission reduction options on water use in energy production. Environmental Science and Technology, 46(6), 3509–3518.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • EIA (Energy Information Administration), (2019). International Energy Statistics. EIA, United States. Retrieved October 25, 2019 from https://www.eia.gov/beta/international/data/browser/.

  • Feldman, S. (2015). Bangladesh in 2014: Illusive democracy. Asian Survey, 55(1), 67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garatwa, W. (2011). Adaptation to climate change and rehabilitation of livelihoods in selected districts of South Bangladesh. https://www.giz.de/en/worldwide/15104.html. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • Hasan, M. A., Abubakar, I. R., Rahman, S. M., Aina, Y. A., Chowdhury, M. M. I., & Khondaker, A. N. (2019a). The synergy between climate change policies and national development goals: Implications for sustainability. Journal of Cleaner Production. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, M. A., Frame, D. J., Chapman, R., & Archie, K. M. (2019b). Emissions from the road transport sector of New Zealand: Key drivers and challenges. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(23), 23937–23957.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, M. M., Mustafi, N., & Hashem, M. A. (2009). Prospects of Biomass Gasification as an Energy Source in Bangladesh. In Paper presented at the international conference on mechanical engineering, Bangladesh.

  • Hasan, M. A., Nahiduzzaman, K. M., & Aldosary, A. S. (2018). Public participation in EIA: A comparative study of the projects run by government and non-governmental organizations. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 72, 12–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, K. (Ed.). (2019). Global temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In Global Carbon Dioxide Recycling (pp. 5-17). Singapore: Springer.

  • Hossain, M. D. (2004). Proposed national energy policy for Bangladesh. http://www.alemco.net/PROPOSED%20ENERGY%20POLICY%20BY%20M%20DELWAR%20HOSSAIN%20-%20SEP2004.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • Hossain, A., & Badr, O. (2007). Prospects of renewable energy utilisation for electricity generation in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 11(8), 1617–1649.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hossen, M. M., Rahman, A. S., Kabir, A. S., Hasan, M. F., & Ahmed, S. (2017). Systematic assessment of the availability and utilization potential of biomass in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 94–105.

    Google Scholar 

  • IDCOL (Infrastructure Development Company Limited) (2018). Annual Report 2016. http://idcol.org/home/an_report. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • IEA (2019). Bangladesh: 13 coal-fired power plants to start generation by 2023. https://www.iea-coal.org/. Accessed October 28, 2019.

  • IFC (International Finance Corporation) (2018). Climate Investment Opportunities in South Asia: Bangladesh. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/632a453d-7cf6-4835-88f2-d86bb2705473/17663-IFC-Bangladesh-Factsheet-v3.pdf?MOD=AJPERES. Accessed June 12, 2018.

  • International Monetary Fund. (2013). Bangladesh: Joint Staff Advisory Note on the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper. https://www.imf.org. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • Islam, M. A., Talukdar, A., Mohammad, N., & Khan, P. S. (2010). Maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic arrays in matlab using fuzzy logic controller. In 2010 annual IEEE paper presented at the India conference (INDICON).

  • Islam, M., Ting, D. S.-K., & Fartaj, A. (2008). Aerodynamic models for Darrieus-type straight-bladed vertical axis wind turbines. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(4), 1087–1109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabir, K., & Uddin, M. (2015). Prospects of renewable energy at rural areas in Bangladesh: Policy analysis. Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources, 8(1), 105–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalra, N., & Kumar, M. (2019). Simulating the impact of climate change and its variability on agriculture. In S. S. Mahadi (Ed.), Climate change and agriculture in India: Impact and adaptation (pp. 21–28). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karim, Z., Hussain, S. G., & Ahmed, A. U. (1999). Climate change vulnerability of crop agriculture Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change for Bangladesh (pp. 39–54). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreft, S., Eckstein, D., & Melchior, I. (2016). Global Climate Risk Index 2017: Who suffers most from extreme weather events? Weather-related loss events in 2015 and 1996 to 2015: Germanwatch Nord-Süd Initiative eV.

  • Mainali, B., Emran, S. B., & Silveira, S. (2017). Greenhouse gas mitigation using poultry litter management techniques in Bangladesh. Energy, 127, 155–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maizlish, N., Woodcock, J., Co, S., Ostro, B., Fanai, A., & Fairley, D. (2013). Health cobenefits and transportation-related reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the San Francisco Bay area. American Journal of Public Health, 103(4), 703–709.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malik, K., Rahman, S. M., Khondaker, A. N., Abubakar, I. R., Aina, Y. A., & Hasan, M. A. (2019). Renewable energy utilization to promote sustainability in GCC countries: Policies, drivers, and barriers. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20798–20814.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, M. F., Margesson, R., & Vaughn, B. (2018). The Rohingya crises in Bangladesh and Burma. Current Politics and Economics of South, Southeastern, and Central Asia, 27(3/4), 333–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • MEF. (2009). Bangladesh climate change strategy and action plan 2009. https://www.iucn.org/downloads/bangladesh_climate_change_strategy_and_action_plan_2009.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • MEF (2012). Second national communication of Bangladesh to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bgdnc2.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • MEF (2015). Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. http://www4.unfccc.int/ndcregistry/PublishedDocuments/Bangladesh%20First/INDC_2015_of_Bangladesh.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • Miah, M., & Alam, S. (2002). Deforestation and greenhouse gas emission due to consumption of wood fuel by the brickfields of Hathazari Upazilla, Chittagong. Jahangirnagar University Journal of Science, 25, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mohiuddin, O., Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Obaidullah, M. (2016). The relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption, and GDP: A recent evidence from Pakistan. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1210491.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondal, M. A. H., & Denich, M. (2010). Assessment of renewable energy resources potential for electricity generation in Bangladesh. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(8), 2401–2413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mondal, M. A. H., Denich, M., & Vlek, P. L. (2010). The future choice of technologies and co-benefits of CO2 emission reduction in Bangladesh power sector. Energy, 35(12), 4902–4909.

    Google Scholar 

  • MPEMR. (2004). National Energy Policy. https://www.scribd.com/document/32933919/National-Energy-Policy-2004-Bangladesh. Accessed October 6, 2017.

  • MPEMR (2008). Renewable Energy Policy of Bangladesh. https://www.iea.org/media/pams/bangladesh/Bangladesh_RenewableEnergyPolicy_2008.pdf. Accessed October 7, 2017.

  • MPEMR (2010). Power System Master Plan. https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/PSMP2010_reduced.pdf. Accessed May 1, 2018.

  • Murad, W., & Ratnatunga, J. (2013). Carbonomics of the Bangladesh agricultural output: Causality and long-run equilibrium. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 24(2), 256–271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nandi, S. K., & Ghosh, H. R. (2010). Prospect of wind–PV-battery hybrid power system as an alternative to grid extension in Bangladesh. Energy, 35(7), 3040–3047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Otto, F. E., Philip, S., Kew, S., Li, S., King, A., & Cullen, H. (2018). Attributing high-impact extreme events across timescales—A case study of four different types of events. Climatic Change, 149(3–4), 399–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owusu, P. A., & Asumadu-Sarkodie, S. (2016). A review of renewable energy sources, sustainability issues and climate change mitigation. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1167990.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pender, J. S. (2010). Climate change, its impacts and possible community based responses in Bangladesh. Dhaka: Church of Bangladesh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Planning Commission. (2015). Seventh five year plan: FY 2016-FY 2020. http://www.plancomm.gov.bd/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/7FYP_after-NEC_11_11_2015.pdf. Accessed July 23, 2018.

  • Power Division. (2016). Power system master plan 2016. https://powerdivision.portal.gov.bd/. Accessed October 28, 2019.

  • Rahimafrooz. (2018). Rahimafrooz renewable energy. http://www.rahimafrooz.com/OurBusinesses/Companies/RahimafroozRenewableEnergyLtd/tabid/91/Default.aspx. Accessed July 23, 2018.

  • Rahman, M. (2013). Celebrating 10,000 MW capacity. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/celebrating-10000mw-capacity. Accessed July 23, 2018.

  • Rahman, M. A. (2018). Governance matters: Climate change, corruption, and livelihoods in Bangladesh. Climatic Change, 147(1–2), 313–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, A. A., Artaxo, P., Asrat, A., & Parker, A. (2018). Developing countries must lead on solar geoengineering research. Nature, 556, 22–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-03917-8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, S. M., & Khondaker, A. (2012). Mitigation measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance carbon capture and storage in Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(5), 2446–2460.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman, S. M., Khondaker, A. N., Hasan, M. A., & Reza, I. (2017). Greenhouse gas emissions from road transportation in Saudi Arabia-a challenging frontier. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 812–821.

    Google Scholar 

  • Razan, J. I., Islam, R. S., Hasan, R., Hasan, S., & Islam, F. (2012). A comprehensive study of micro-hydropower plant and its potential in Bangladesh. ISRN Renewable Energy., 2012, 635396. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/635396.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reay, D. S., Dentener, F., Smith, P., Grace, J., & Feely, R. A. (2008). Global nitrogen deposition and carbon sinks. Nature Geoscience, 1(7), 430.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remais, J. V., Hess, J. J., Ebi, K. L., Markandya, A., Balbus, J. M., Wilkinson, P., et al. (2014). Estimating the health effects of greenhouse gas mitigation strategies: Addressing parametric, model, and valuation challenges. Environmental Health Perspectives, 122(5), 447.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Limited. (2018). At a Glance CNG Activities in Bangladesh. http://www.rpgcl.org.bd/exp_act.php?ltype=exp_glance. Accessed July 23, 2018.

  • Sabine, C. L., Feely, R. A., Gruber, N., Key, R. M., Lee, K., Bullister, J. L., et al. (2004). The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2. Science, 305(5682), 367–371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar, M., Ehsan, M., & Islam, M. (2003). Issues relating to energy conservation and renewable energy in Bangladesh. Energy for Sustainable Development, 7(2), 77–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarkodie, S. A., & Strezov, V. (2019). Economic, social and governance adaptation readiness for mitigation of climate change vulnerability: Evidence from 192 countries. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 150–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahid, S. (2011). Impact of climate change on irrigation water demand of dry season Boro rice in northwest Bangladesh. Climatic Change, 105(3–4), 433–453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shams, S., Sahu, J., Rahman, S. S., & Ahsan, A. (2017). Sustainable waste management policy in Bangladesh for reduction of greenhouse gases. Sustainable Cities and Society, 33, 18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shindell, D., Faluvegi, G., Walsh, M., Anenberg, S. C., Van Dingenen, R., Muller, N. Z., et al. (2011). Climate, health, agricultural and economic impacts of tighter vehicle-emission standards. Nature Climate Change, 1(1), 59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, S. (2007). Climate change 2007-the physical science basis: Working group I contribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Vol. 4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • SREDA (Sustainable & renewable energy development authority), (2015a). Energy efficiency and conservation master plan up to 2030. http://sreda.gov.bd/files/EEC_Master_Plan_SREDA.pdf. Accessed 24 Dec 2019.

  • SREDA (2015b). Scaling up renewable energy in low income countries (SREP): Investment plan for Bangladesh. http://www.sreda.gov.bd/index.php/site/download/3c80-08f7-6972-eb3b-8407-b2d8-eaf4-7708-f706-be3d. Accessed 24 Dec 2019.

  • SREDA (2019). Currently the scene of renewable energy and energy efficiency in Bangladesh. http://www.sreda.gov.bd/. Accessed December 24, 2019.

  • Sufian, M., & Bala, B. (2006). Modelling of electrical energy recovery from urban solid waste system: The case of Dhaka city. Renewable Energy, 31(10), 1573–1580.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talang, R. P. N., Pizzol, M., & Sirivithayapakorn, S. (2017). Comparative life cycle assessment of fired brick production in Thailand. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 22(11), 1875–1891.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tollefson, J. (2018). IPCC says limiting global warming to 1.5 C will require drastic action. Nature, 562(7726), 172–173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) (2018). Asia-Pacific Progress in Sustainable Energy. http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/publications/A%20Global%20Tracking%20Framework_Web%202018_0.pdf. Accessed June, 12 2018.

  • UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2018). Clean Development Mechanism. http://cdm.unfccc.int/. Accessed June, 12 2018.

  • Uzzaman, M. A. (2014). Impact of sea level rise in the coastal areas of Bangladesh: A macroeconomic analysis. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(18), 105–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wadud, Z., & Khan, T. (2011). CNG conversion of motor vehicles in Dhaka: Valuation of the cobenefits. In Paper presented at the transportation research board (TRB) 90th annual meeting was held in Washington, DC.

  • World Bank. (2010). Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change Bangladesh. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/841911468331803769/Main-report. Accessed June 12, 2018.

  • World Bank. (2016). Climate change is a threat – and an opportunity – for the private sector. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/841911468331803769/Main-report. Accessed June 12, 2018.

  • World Bank. (2018). Databank: World Development Indicators. http://databank.worldbank.org. Accessed December 24, 2019.

  • World Nuclear Association. (2019). Nuclear power in Bangladesh. https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-a-f/bangladesh.aspx. Accessed December 24, 2019.

  • World Resource Institute. (2019). Historic emissions. https://cait.wri.org/. Accessed June 12, 2018.

  • Xenarios, S., & Polatidis, H. (2015). Alleviating climate change impacts in rural Bangladesh: A PROMETHEE outranking-based approach for prioritizing agricultural interventions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 17(5), 963–985.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada

    Md. Monirul Islam Chowdhury

  2. Center for Environment and Water, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, KFUPM Box 713, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Syed Masiur Rahman & A. N. Khondaker

  3. College of Architecture and Planning, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (Formerly, University of Dammam), P.O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441, Saudi Arabia

    Ismaila Rimi Abubakar

  4. Department of Geomatics Engineering Technology, Yanbu Industrial College, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia

    Yusuf A. Aina

  5. School of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand

    Md. Arif Hasan

Authors
  1. Md. Monirul Islam Chowdhury
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Syed Masiur Rahman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ismaila Rimi Abubakar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yusuf A. Aina
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Md. Arif Hasan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. A. N. Khondaker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Syed Masiur Rahman.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This article is based on analyses of secondary data and does not contain any experiments conducted on human participants or animals.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chowdhury, M.M.I., Rahman, S.M., Abubakar, I.R. et al. A review of policies and initiatives for climate change mitigation and environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 1133–1161 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00627-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00627-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation