Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the priority pollutants in the urban environment. For the first time, the accumulation of BaP in road dust on different types of Moscow roads has been determined. The average BaP content in road dust is 0.26 mg/kg, which is 53 times higher than the BaP content in the background topsoils (Umbric Albeluvisols) of the Moscow Meshchera lowland, 50 km east of the city. The most polluted territories are large roads (0.29 mg/kg, excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) in soils by 14 times) and parking lots in the courtyards (0.37 mg/kg, MPC excess by 19 times). In the city center, the BaP content in the dust of courtyards reaches 1.02 mg/kg (MPC excess by 51 times). The accumulation of BaP depends on the parameters of street canyons formed by buildings along the roads: in short canyons (< 500 m), the content of BaP reaches maximum. Relatively wide canyons accumulate BaP 1.6 times more actively than narrow canyons. The BaP accumulation in road dust significantly increases on the Third Ring Road (TRR), highways, medium and small roads with an average height of the canyon > 20 m. Public health risks from exposure to BaP-contaminated road dust particles were assessed using the US EPA methodology. The main BaP exposure pathway is oral via ingestion (> 90% of the total BaP intake). The carcinogenic risk for adults is the highest in courtyard areas in the south, southwest, northwest, and center of Moscow. The minimum carcinogenic risk is characteristic of the highways and TRR with predominance of nonstop traffic.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to L.A. Bezberdaya, I.S. Kapustina, N.Yu. Kuzminskaya, K.S. Nabelkina, A.V. Ryzhov, A.G. Tsykhman, and G.L. Shinkareva for participation in field and laboratory work, as well as to N.I. Khlynina for the determination of BaP in road dust samples.
Funding
The determination of BaP in road dust samples was performed under agreement 04/2017-I with the Russian Geographical Society. Analysis and interpretation of data on road dust pollution with BaP were carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation (Project No. 19–77–30004); health risk assessment, within the framework of the Development Program of the Interdisciplinary Scientific and Educational School of the Lomonosov Moscow State University “The Future of the Planet and Global Environmental Changes.” Calculations of the characteristics of urban canyons were carried out on the computer equipment of the Collective Use Center “Geoportal of Moscow State University.” The comparison of BaP contents in road dust and other components of Moscow environment was made in the framework of the grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Project Number 075–15–2021–574).
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Kosheleva, N.E., Vlasov, D.V., Timofeev, I.V. et al. Benzo[a]pyrene in Moscow road dust: pollution levels and health risks. Environ Geochem Health 45, 1669–1694 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01287-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-022-01287-9