Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Antagonism to Protagonism: Tracing the Historical Contours of Legalization in an Emerging Industry

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Business Ethics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We explore the legalization of the cannabis industry in the US, and point at the conflicted path through which this emerging industry has traversed. In particular, we highlight how this industry has navigated controversy to become one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The paper also offers a theoretical model that explains the role played by social movements to propel and shape early antagonism towards increasing protagonism. Evidence of the latter is seen in the form of cannabis laws passing at the state level in the US. We posit that resource mobilization and shaping effects were instrumental in laying the grounds for legalization. A detailed timeline of the legalization for over one and a half centuries (from 1840 to 2019) is also provided. Our synergistic approach integrates a historical perspective with social movement theory to address a relatively new and under examined phenomenon in the emerging US legal cannabis industry and ensuing ethical implications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Source: Marijuana Business Daily. (n.d.). Recreational marijuana retail sales in the United States from 2014 to 2021 (in billion US dollars). In Statista—The Statistics Portal. Retrieved January 28, 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/727012/projected-cannabis-retail-sales/

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ACLU. (n.d.). Extreme racial disparities persist in marijuana arrests. Retrieved July 29, 2020, from https://graphics.aclu.org/marijuana-arrest-report/.

  • ACLU. (2013). The War on Marijuana in Black and White (Rep.). Retrieved January 11, 2019, from ACLU Foundation website: https://www.aclu.org/report/report-war-marijuana-black-and-white.

  • ACLU. (2020). A Tale of Two Countries Racially Targeted Arrests in the Era of Marijuana Reform (Rep.). Retrieved December 22, 2020, from ACLU Foundation website: https://www.aclu.org/report/tale-two-countries-racially-targeted-arrests-era-marijuana-reform.

  • Aggarwal, S. K., Carter, G. T., Sullivan, M. D., ZumBrunnen, C., Morrill, R., & Mayer, J. D. (2009). Medicinal use of cannabis in the United States: Historical perspectives current trends and future directions. Journal of Opiod Management, 5(3), 153–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • American for Safe Access—About Us. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2019, from https://www.safeaccessnow.org/about_asa.

  • Arrest Charts. (n.d.). Retrieved October 20, 2019, from https://norml.org/library/arrest-reports/item/arrest-charts?category_id=584.

  • Bateson, G. (1955/1972). Steps to an ecology of mind. Ballantine

  • Baxter, H. (1987). System and life-world in Habermas’s “theory of communicative action.” Theory and Society, 16(1), 39–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1997). Subpolitics: Ecology and the disintegration of institutional power. Organization & Environment, 10(1), 52–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benford, R. D. (1997). An insider’s critique of the social movement framing perspective. Sociological Inquiry, 67(4), 409–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benford, R. D., & Snow, D. A. (2000). Framing process and social movements: An overview and assessment. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 611–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, B. L., & Lune, H. (2012). Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. (8th ed.). Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bloomberg. (2018). Marijuana legalization. Bloomberg, pp. 1–5. Retrieved December 22, 2020 from http://www.whitehouse.gov/ondcp/ondcp-factsheets/marijuana-legalization.

  • Boer, B. D. (2019). Gaston Bachelard’s philosophy of science: Between project and practie. Parrhesia, 31, 154–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, F., & Gupta, A. (2016). Social activism in and around organizations. Academy of Management Annals, 10(1), 671–727. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2016.1153261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, K. (1937). Attitudes towards history. Editorial publications.

  • Carlos, W. C., Sine, W. D., Lee, B. H., & Haveman, H. (2014). Gone with the wind: Industry development and the evolution of social movement influence. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2746274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cascini, F., Aiello, C., & Di Tanna, G. (2012). Increasing delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) content in herbal cannabis over time: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 5(1), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874473711205010032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2004). Informationalism, networks, and the network society: A theoretical blueprint. The network society a cross-cultural perspective. (pp. 3–48). Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, P. J. (2010). Medical Marijuana 2010: It’s time to fix the regulatory vacuum. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics, 38(3), 654–666. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720X.2010.00519.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (CSA). (1970). 21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.

  • Cornelissen, J., & Werner, M. D. (2014). Putting framing in perspective: A review of framing and frame analysis across the management and organizational literature. Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), 181–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Controlled substances schedule. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2018, from https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/schedules/.

  • Cress, D. M., & Snow, D. A. (1996). Mobilization at the margins : Resources, benefactors, and the viability of homeless social movement organizations. American Sociological Review, 61(6), 1089–1109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, A. C. (2014). Campaign to legalize marijuana in D.C. selects new slogans for November vote. Retrieved July 27, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/campaign-to-legalize-marijuana-in-dc-selects-new-slogans-for-november-vote/2014/09/15/6e57ad3c-3af3-11e4-bdfb-de4104544a37_story.html.

  • Deleuze, G. (1995). Postscript on control societies. Negotiations. (pp. 177–182). Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diani, M. (1992). The concept of social movement. The Sociological Review, 40(1), 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dioun, C. (2017). Making the medical marijuana market. The architecture of illegal markets: Towards an economic sociology of illegality in the economy. (pp. 159–176). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dioun, C. (2018). Negotiating moral boundaries: Social movements and the strategic (RE)definition of the medical in cannabis markets. Research in the Sociology of Organizations, 56(May), 53–82. https://doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X20180000056004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Driver, F. (1985). Power, space, and the body: A critical assessment of Foucault’s discipline and punish. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 3, 425–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drug Policy Alliance. (n.d.). A brief history of drug war. (n.d.). Retrieved January 2, 2019, from http://www.drugpolicy.org/issues/brief-history-drug-war.

  • Dufton, E. B. (2014). Just Say Know: How the Parent Movement Shaped America’s Modern War on Drugs, 1970-2000. Doctoral dissertation, The George Washington University, 2014 (pp. 1–443). Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest.

  • Eddy, M. (2010). Medical Marijuana : Review and Analysis of Federal and State Policies. In Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on 17 July, 2019 from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33211.

  • Expanding Cannabis Research and Information Act. (2019). H.R. 4322, 116 Cong.

  • FinCEN. (2019). Marijuana Banking Update (Rep.). Retrieved May 27, 2020, from Financial Crimes Enforcement Network website: https://www.fincen.gov/sites/default/files/shared/289465%204thQ%20FY2019%20Marijuana%20Banking%20Update_Public.pdf.

  • Fireman, B., & Gamson, W. A. (1977). Utilitarian logic in the resource mobilization perspective. (pp. 1–60). University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, R. (2010). Neoliberal environmentality: Towards a poststructuralist political ecology of the conservation debate. Conservation & Society, 8(3), 171–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fligstein, N., & McAdam, D. (2011). Toward a general theory of strategic action fields. Sociological Theory, 29(1), 1–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and punish the birth of the prison. Vintage Books, a division of Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality, vol. 1: The will to knowledge. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1997). Ethics: Subjectivity and truth. Essential works of Michel Foucault, 1954–1984. (Vol. 1). New Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedom of Information Act Requests. (n.d.). Retrieved September 16, 2019, from https://norml.org/library/norml-freedom-of-information-requests.

  • Fritz, S., & Rosser, C. (2015). Historical methods. In M. Bevir & R. A. W. Rhodes (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of interpretive political science. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galliher, J. F., & Walker, A. (1977). The puzzle of the social origins of the marihuana tax act of 1937. Social Problems, 24, 367–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaoni, Y., & Mechoulam, R. (1964). Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish. Journal of American Chemical Study, 86, 1646–1647. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01062a046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Georghallis, P. (2017). The link between social movements and corporate social initiatives: Toward a multi-level theory. Journal of Business Ethics, 142, 735–751.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1984). Elements of the theory of structuration. The constitution of society. (pp. 1–28). University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, M. M. (1991). Correcting course: Lessons from the 1970 repeal. Family against mandatory minimums. Federal Sentencing Reporter, 21, 55–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. an essay on the organization of experience. North- eastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon. (2019). The ultimate guide to cannabis taxes in the United States. Retrieved January 20, 2021, from https://gordonlawltd.com/cannabis-taxes-by-states/.

  • Hall, S. (1980). Encoding/decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Wills (Eds.), Culture, media, language. (pp. 128–138). Hutchinson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hand, A., Blake, A., Kerrigan, P., Samuel, P., & Friedberg, J. (2016). History of medical cannabis. Journal of Pain Management, 9(4), 387–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haveman, H. A., Paruchuri, S., & Rao, H. (2007). The winds of change: The progressive movement and the bureaucratization of thrift the winds of change: Movement of thrift bureaucratization. American Sociological Review, 72(1), 117–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heddleston, T. R. (2012). From the Frontlines to the Bottom Line: Medical Marijuana The War on Drugs and the Drug Policy Reform Movement. Doctoral dissertation, University of California Santa Cruz, 2012 (pp. 1–360). Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest.

  • Hiatt, S. R., Sine, W. D., & Tolbert, P. S. (2009). From Pabst to Pepsi: The deinstitutionalization of social practices and the creation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(4), 635–667. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2009.54.4.635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, B., & Sorensen, M. P. (2003). Rethinking subpolitics beyond the ‘iron cage’ of modern politics? Theory, Culture & Society, 20(2), 79–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, G., Koçak, Ö., & Kovács, B. (2018). Co-opt or coexist? A study of medical cannabis dispensaries’ identity-based responses to recreational-use legalization in Colorado and Washington. Organization Science, 29(1), 172–190. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2017.1167.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, G., Kovács, B., & Koçak, Ö. (2019). Experientially diverse customers and organizational adaptation in changing demand landscapes: A study of US cannabis markets, 2014–2016. Strategic Management Journal, 40(13), 2214–2241. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3078.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey, R. (2017). A brief history of cannabis legalization throughout the U.S and around the world. Medical Marijuana, 1, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470515167.ch14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, C. J. (1983). Resource mobilization thoery and the study of social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 9, 527–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M. (2019). U.S. support for legal marijuana steady in past year. Retrieved January 28, 2020, from https://news.gallup.com/poll/267698/support-legal-marijuana-steady-past-year.aspx.

  • Klein, K. (2012). Institutional Change in the Face of Resistance: Unthinkable, Identity, and Entrepreneurship. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine, 2012 (pp. 1–261). Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest.

  • Kornhauser, W. (1959). The politics of mass society. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, M. (2013). Comparative-historical methods. Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lashley, K., & Pollock, T. (2020). Waiting to inhale: Reducing stigma in the medical cannabis industry. Administrative Science Quarterly, 65(2), 434–482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, B. H. (2009). The infrastructure of collective action and policy content diffusion in the organic food industry. Academy of Management Journal, 52(6), 1247–1269. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2009.47084925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lounsbury, M., Ventresca, M., & Hirsch, P. M. (2003). Social movements, field frames and industry emergence: A cultural-political perspective on US recycling. Socio-Economic Review, 1(1), 71–104. https://doi.org/10.1093/soceco/1.1.71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marihuana Tax Act. (1937). 238 Public Law § 551; 553 et seq.

  • Marijuana Opportunity Reinvestment and Expungement Act. (2020). (MORE Act), H.R. 3884, 116 Cong.

  • Marijuana Policy Project -About us. (n.d.). Retrieved December 22, 2018, from https://www.mpp.org/about/.

  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1988). Social movements. In N. J. Smelser (Ed.), Handbook of sociology. (pp. 695–737). Sage Publications Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McMinimy, M. A. (2019). The 2018 Farm Bill (P. L. 115-334): Summary and side-by-side comparison. In: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on January 5, 2020 from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45525.

  • McPartland, J. M., Hegman, W., & Long, T. (2019). Cannabis in Asia: Its center of origin and early cultivation, based on a synthesis of subfossil pollen and archaeobotanical studies. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 28(6), 691–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R. (2016). Cannabis—the Israeli perspective. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0091.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mechoulam, R., & Hanuš, L. (2000). A historical overview of chemical research on cannabinoids. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 108(1–2), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-3084(00)00184-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Cannabis Research Act. (2019). H.R. 601, 116 Cong.

  • Merz, M., & Riepe, J. (2018). Access to banking and its value in developed countries: Evidence from the U.S. marijuana industry. SSRN Electron Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2863000.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mikuriya, T. H. (1969). Marijuana in medicine past present and future. CalifMed, 110, 34–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. (2018). How the Endocannabinoid System was discovered. Cannabis Sciences Labroots (pp. 1–9). Retrieved on June 15, 2019 from https://www.labroots.com/trending/cannabis-sciences/8456/endocannabinoidsystem-discovered.

  • Musto, D. F. (1972). The 1937 marijuana tax act. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 101–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Narcotics Control Act. (1956). Public law 567 § 629–70.

  • Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act. (1951). 255 Public Law § 174.

  • NORML Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 15, 2018, from https://norml.org/about/norml-foundation.

  • New Frontier Data. (n.d.). Cultivation and retail investments in the legal cannabis industry in the United States from 2015 to 2017 (in million U.S. dollars). In statista—the statistics portal. Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/794938/us-investment-legal-cannabis-industry-cultivation-retail/.

  • New Frontier Data. (n.d.). Tax revenue from medical and adult use marijuana in the United States in 2017 and 2020 (in billion U.S. dollars). In Statista—the statistics portal. Retrieved January 8, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/794710/taxable-retail-sales-of-marijuana-us/.

  • New Frontier Data. (n.d.). Total projected U.S. jobs that could be created as a result of cannabis industry growth by 2020. In Statista—the statistics portal. Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/765749/projected-jobs-created-by-legal-cannabis-industry-in-the-us/.

  • Open Secrets. (n.d.). Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/lookup.php.

  • Pertwee, R. G. (2006). Cannabinoid pharmacology: The first 66 years. British Journal of Pharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjp.0706406.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pisanti, S., & Bifulco, M. (2017). Modern history of medical cannabis: From widespread use to prohibitionism and back. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 38(3), 195–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2016.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F., & Kai Ho, M. (2006). Frames and their consequences. In: The Oxford Handbook of Contextual Political Analysis (vol. 5, pp. 187–209). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pure Food and Drugs Act. (1906). Public law 59th Congress § 3915.

  • Rabinow, P., & Rose, N. (2006). Biopower today. BioSocieties, 1, 195–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rashidian, N., & Martin, A. (Eds.). (2018). Cannabis goes to Washington. Retrieved January 12, 2019, from https://cannabiswire.com/2018/11/13/cannabis-goes-to-washington.

  • Renehan, A. (2014). Clearing the haze surrounding state medical marijuana laws : A preemption analysis and porposed solution. Journal of Health Law and Policy, 14, 299–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, N., Malley, P., & Valverde, M. (2006). Governmentality. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 2, 83–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sacco, L. N. (2014). Drug enforcement in the United States: History, policy, and trends *. In Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on 17 Jul, 2019 from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43749.pdf.

  • Sacco, L. N., & Finklea, K. (2014). State Marijuana legalization initiatives: Implications for federal law enforcement. In: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on 17 July, 2019 from https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43164.pdf

  • Schneiberg, M. (2002). Organizational heterogeneity and the production of new forms: Politics, social movements and mutual companies in american fire insurance, 1900–1930, chap. 2. In: M. Lounsbury & M. J. Ventresca (Eds.), Social Structure and Organizations Revisited (Research in the Sociology of Organizations) (Vol. 19, pp. 39–89). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0733-558X(02)19002-1.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Secure and Fair Enforcement Banking Act (SAFE Act). (2019). H.R. 1595, 116 Cong.

  • Sen, A., & Avci, O. (2016). Why social movements occur: Theories of social movements. The Journal of Knowledge Economy & Knowledge Management, 11, 125–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smelser, N. J. (1965). Theory of collective behavior. Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. P. (2019). Puff, Puff, Pass: The Effect of Whites’ Racial Prejudice on Support for Marijuana Legalization. Master thesis, Wayne State University, 2019 (pp. 1–45). Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest.

  • Snow, D. A., Rockford, E. B., Jr., Worden, S. K., & Benford, R. D. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American Sociological Review, 51(4), 464–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Soule, S. A., & Kriesi, H. (2004). The Blackwell companion to social movements. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A. (2012). Social movements and markets, industries, and firms. Organization Studies, 33(12), 1715–1733. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840612464610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soule, S. A., & King, B. G. (2008). Competition and resource partitioning in three social movement industries. American Journal of Sociology, 113(6), 1568–1610. https://doi.org/10.1086/587152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • State Cannabis Commerce Act. (2019). H.R. 3546, 116 Cong.

  • Stekelenburg, J. V., & Klandermans, B. (2009). Social movement theory: Past, presence & prospects. Movers and shakers social movements in Africa. (Vol. 8, pp. 17–43). Brill Leiden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stott, C. G., & Guy, G. W. (2004). Cannabinoids for the pharmaceutical industry. Euphytica, 140(1–2), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4757-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strengthening the Tenth Amendment Through Entrusting States Act (STATES Act). (2019). H.R. 2093, S.1098 .116 Cong.

  • Swaminathan, A., & Wade, J. B. (2001). Social movement theory and the evolution of new organizational forms. The Entrepreneurial Dynamic in Industrial Evolution. https://doi.org/10.5465/APBPP.2000.5535153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Szyliowicz, D., & Madsen, T. L. (2017). Contested environments: Drivers and dynamics in the US Marijuana industry. In D. Siegel (Ed.), The World Scientific Reference on Entrepreneurship, vol. 3. Sustainability, Ethics and Entrepreneurship (pp. 93–130). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.

  • Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasi, I. B. (2009). Social movements and industry development the environmental movement’s impact on the wind energy. Mobilization, 14(3), 315–336. https://doi.org/10.3868/s110-003-014-0039-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verhoeven, J. (1985). Goffman’ s frame analysis and modern micro-sociological paradigms. In H. J. Helle & S. N. Eisenstadt (Eds.), Micro-sociological theory perspectives on sociological theory. (Vol. 2, pp. 71–100). Sage Publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, R. (2018). Entry order, geographical repositioning, and performance among recreational marijuana retailers. AOM Conference Paper. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, K., Heinze, K. L., & DeSoucey, M. (2008). Forage for thought: Mobilizing codes in the movement for grass-fed meat and dairy products. Administrative Science Quarterly, 53(3), 529–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wong, N., Coraiola, D., Sorensen, A., & Jones, I. (2018). Rhetorical history and the legitimation of new industries. AOM Conference. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.14867abstract.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuardi, A. W. (2006). History of cannabis as a medicine: A review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 28(2), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-44462006000200015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding was received for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management, G. Brint Ryan College of Business, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA

    Shalini Bhawal & Manjula S. Salimath

Authors
  1. Shalini Bhawal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Manjula S. Salimath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Manjula S. Salimath.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Research Involving Human and Animal Participants

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bhawal, S., Salimath, M.S. Antagonism to Protagonism: Tracing the Historical Contours of Legalization in an Emerging Industry. J Bus Ethics 178, 783–801 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04813-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04813-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation