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Benevolence and Negative Deviant Behavior in Africa: The Moderating Role of Centralization

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Abstract

The growing interest in Africa as well as concerns about negative deviant behaviors and ethnic structures necessitates examination of the effect of ethnic expectations on behavior of employees. In this study we leverage insight from ethnos oblige theory to propose that centralization of ethnic norms moderates the relationship between benevolence expectations and negative deviant behavior. Using a cross-sectional design and data from two countries (Ghana: n = 328 and Botswana: n = 100) as well as moderation and cross-cultural analytic techniques, we find support for three-way interactions where the relationship between benevolence and negative deviant behavior is moderated by centralization and culture. We discuss the implications of the findings which support the dynamic perspective of management in Africa.

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Notes

  1. Of course, it does not mean that that person cannot demonstrate generosity to other members who are not part of the tribe; to the extent that such acts are demonstrated, they are more of personality attributes than ethnic obligations.

  2. The interorganizational perspective focuses on the organizational level, one definition being “extracontractual behaviors of a firm (giving party) that help another firm (receiving party) for the purpose of enhancing the well being of the receiving party” (see Lee et al. 2004, p. 33).

  3. https://www.africa-business.com/features/africa-emerging-business.html.

  4. This was based on pretesting and feedback from faculty who administered the survey. Because the language of the scale is the same as the lingua franca of the context of administration—English—we were only concerned about respondents’ admittance of negative deviance. So, we focused on framing the items.

  5. (http://www.jeremydawson.co.uk/slopes.htm).

  6. We do not report the results in a table due to space constraint.

  7. This swap yielded crossed slopes of 1 and 2 but similar slope differences. Because it is not theoretically consistent with our model, we do not use it.

  8. (http://relativeimportance.davidson.edu/multivariateregression.html).

  9. We thank a reviewer for drawing our attention to this relationship.

  10. https://au.int/en/agenda2063.

Abbreviations

Job Ten.:

Job tenure

Org. Ten.:

Organizational tenure

LSC:

Lack of self-control

DEP:

Dependability

FORE.:

Forethought

EC:

Ethnic commitment

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Management and Entrepreneurship, Williams College of Business, Xavier University, 3800 Victory Parkway, Cincinnati, OH, 45207, USA

    David B. Zoogah

  2. Johannesburg Business School, College of Business and Economics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa

    David B. Zoogah

  3. University of Ghana Business School, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

    Richard Bawulenbeug Zoogah

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  1. David B. Zoogah
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  2. Richard Bawulenbeug Zoogah
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Correspondence to David B. Zoogah.

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Baniyelme David Zoogah, Richard Bawulenbeug Zoogah declares that they have no conflict of interest.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

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Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 6, 7; Figs. 6, 7, 8, 9.

Table 6 Demographics of sample
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Table 7 Measurement invariance
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Fig. 6
figure 6

Multigroup SEM

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Fig. 7
figure 7

Comparative conceptual models

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Fig. 8
figure 8figure 8

Results of double mediation

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Fig. 9
figure 9

Moderated moderation. NDB_P NDB predatory, NDB_E NDB exploitative, NDB_D NDB defiance

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Zoogah, D.B., Zoogah, R.B. Benevolence and Negative Deviant Behavior in Africa: The Moderating Role of Centralization. J Bus Ethics 161, 783–813 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04347-w

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