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U.S. CEOs of SBUs in Luxury Goods Organizations: A Mixed Methods Comparison of Ethical Decision-Making Profiles

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Abstract

This study involved using a mixed method research design to examine the moral philosophy difference between the ethical decision-making process of CEOs in U.S.-led and non-U.S.-led within the luxury goods industry. The study employed a MANOVA to compare the ethical profiles between the two leader types (US and non-US led) and a phenomenological qualitative process to locate themes that give indication as to the compatibility of the luxury strategy values and practices with the principles and concepts of responsible leadership and conscious capitalism. As the luxury goods industry is facing the first slowdown since 2000, pressure to achieve sales targets in the U.S. to make up for losses in other markets will place these CEOs under extreme pressure from their headquarters. These leaders must possess the ethical decision-making capability to balance legal and moral dilemmas unique to multinational luxury goods organizations while delivering business results in a challenging environment. Results of the study show no evidence of difference in the ethical decision-making profiles between the two groups of leaders. The themes and emergent findings resulting from the qualitative analysis indicate a profound incompatibility between the values informing decision-makers using the luxury strategy and those employed by leaders operating within the principles and parameters of responsible leadership and conscious capitalism. Recommendations for future research include replicating the study with a larger sample, within a different geographic region or comparing leaders using the luxury strategy to those using conscious capitalism.

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Acknowledgments

I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to Dr. Tom Kemp, whose unending patience and ongoing interest in the topic made the dissertation process a rewarding intellectual experience as it fostered enormous personal healing and growth. I further extend to my sister, Jamie Boles, the deepest appreciation for her ongoing, loving support for me during a difficult period, which offered the strength and stability needed to complete this work. I also wish to thank the interview participants who opened themselves to offer their personal experiences and perspectives on a complicated and often politically challenging industry. Their insights shed much-needed light on delicate topics, which may lead to evolution in a creative and powerful industry.

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Authors and Affiliations

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    Jacqueline C. Wisler

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  1. Jacqueline C. Wisler
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Correspondence to Jacqueline C. Wisler.

Additional information

Dedication I dedicate this work to my parents, Bruce and Gloria Kollath, each of whom provided deeply valuable core values and ethical principles for life, which prove more valuable with each passing year. Both Bruce and Gloria overcame significant personal challenges offering a role model for true strength and perseverance, which I drew upon throughout this dissertation process. They each, in their personal and unique way, were ever-present and supportive, providing guidance and encouragement along the way. My spirit fills with heartfelt gratitude to have the good fortune of their presence in my life to share in this accomplishment.

This manuscript is a Doctoral Dissertation Research submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Argosy University, Phoenix Campus College of Business in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Education Organizational Leadership.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Eight Facets of Managerial Ethical Profile

 

Item

Economic egoism

1. Providing the highest economic return (profit) for the organization

2. Minimizing costs for the organization

3. Optimizing resources of the organization

Reputational egoism

4. Protecting the reputation of the organization

5. Being in line with the organizational mission

Rule utilitarianism

6. Not harming the clients

7. Respecting organizational rules and regulations that have been created for the greatest benefit for all stakeholders

Act utilitarianism

8. Creating the greatest overall benefit for the local community

9. Creating the greatest overall benefit for the wider community

Virtue of self

10. Being most in line with your core personal values

11. Being most in line with the person you want to be

Virtue of others

12. Respecting dignity of those affected by the decision

13. Being able to empathize with clients

14. Acting openly when making decision

15. Making ‘care for the sick’ paramount in determining decision alternatives

Act deontology

16. Giving the opportunity to all affected parties or their representatives to have input into the decision making process

17. Treating others as you want others to treat you

18. Treat people as ends not as means

Rule deontology

19. Ensuring that confidentiality is maintained at all times

20. Maintaining a fair process at all times

21. Ensuring that the organization ‘duty of care’ is maintained at all times

Appendix 2: Permission to Use the Managerial Ethical Profile

Appendix 3: Demographic and Managerial Ethical Profile Survey Questions

Appendix 4: Informed Consent Releases

Informed Consent—Interview

This study is being conducted by Jacqueline Wisler who is a student working on a dissertation in the Graduate School of Business and Management at Argosy University-Online. This study is a requirement to fulfill the researcher’s degree and will not be used for decision-making by any organization.

The title of this study is U.S. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNITS IN GLOBAL LUXURY GOODS ORGANIZATIONS: A MIXED METHODS COMPARISON OF U.S. AND FOREIGN LED ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING PROFILES

  • The purpose of the study is to compare the ethical decision-making processes of U.S.-led and non-U.S.-led chief executive officers of strategic business units (SBUs) in global luxury goods organizations.

  • I have been asked to be a part of this study because I am considered to be or have been in a Chief Executive role in the last 3 years working in a United States (U.S.) based Strategic Business Unit of a Luxury Goods Organization.

  • A total of 12–20 people have been asked to participate in this study.

  • If I agree to be in this study, I will be asked to agree to this informed consent form, sign the document indicating my consent, then participate in a one-on-one telephone or videophone interview with the Principle researcher, Jacqueline Wisler.

  • This study will take between 15 and 30 min to complete.

  • The risks associated with this study are the time it takes to complete the interview and the remote possibility that the completion of the survey poses some threat to temporary increased stress levels.

  • The potential benefits of participation are: Participants may derive intrinsic rewards by being asked their thoughts and opinions on a subject for which they may have interest and appreciate an opportunity to offer their views. The questions could also prompt the participant to think more deeply about ethical decision-making. Potential benefits could also extend into the leadership identification and development within the luxury goods industry.

  • I will receive no monetary compensation for participating in the interview.

  • The information I provide will be treated confidentially, which means that nobody other than the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler, will be able to tell who I am.

  • The records of this study will be kept private. No words linking me to the study will be included in any sort of report that might be published.

  • The records will be stored securely and only the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler, will have access to the records.

  • I have the right to get a summary of the results of this study if I would like to have them. I can get the summary by contacting the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler.

  • I understand that my participation is strictly voluntary. If I do not participate, it will not harm my relationship with Argosy University—Online or Jacqueline Wisler. If I decide to participate, I can refuse to answer any of the questions that may make me uncomfortable. I can quit at any time without my relations with the university, job, benefits, etc., being affected.

  • I can contact Jacqueline Wisler at jwisler@aii.edu.edu or Dr. Thomas Kemp at tkemp@argosy.edu with any questions about this study.

  • I understand that this study has been reviewed and Certified by the Institutional Review Board, Argosy University—Online. For problems or questions regarding participants’ rights, I can contact the Institutional Review Board Chair, Dr. Nancy Hoover, at nhoover@argosy.edu.

I have read and understand the explanation provided to me. I have had all my questions answered to my satisfaction, and I voluntarily agree to participate in this study. By signing this form, I consent to participate in the study.

Informed Consent-Survey

Thank you for participating in our survey. Your input is valuable

This study is being conducted by Jacqueline Wisler who is a student working on a dissertation in the Graduate School of Business and Management at Argosy University-Online. This study is a requirement to fulfill the researcher’s degree and will not be used for decision-making by any organization.

The title of this study is U.S. CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF STRATEGIC BUSINESS UNITS IN GLOBAL LUXURY GOODS ORGANIZATIONS: A MIXED METHODS COMPARISON OF U.S. AND FOREIGN LED ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING PROFILES.

  • The purpose of the study is to compare the ethical decision-making processes of U.S.-led and non-U.S.-led chief executive officers of strategic business units (SBUs) in global luxury goods organizations.

  • I have been asked to be a part of this study because I am considered to be or have been in a Chief Executive role in the last 3 years working in a United States (U.S.)-based Strategic Business Unit of a Luxury Goods Organization.

  • A total of one hundred and fifty people have been asked to participate in this study

  • If I agree to be in this study, I will be asked to agree to this informed consent form, check the on-line box indicating my consent, then participate in an on-line survey administered via the U.S.-based research company SurveyMonkey.

  • This study will take between 4 and 8 min to complete.

  • The risks associated with this study are the time it takes to complete the survey and the remote possibility that the completion of the survey poses some threat to temporary increased stress levels.

  • The potential benefits of participation are: Participants may derive intrinsic rewards by being asked their thoughts and opinions on a subject for which they may have interest and appreciate an opportunity to offer their views. The questions/could also prompt the participant to think more deeply about ethical decision-making. Potential benefits could also extend into the leadership identification and development within the luxury goods industry.

  • I will receive no monetary compensation for participating in the survey.

  • The information I provide will be treated confidentially, which means that nobody including the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler, will be able to tell who I am by person or name unless I choose to reveal it.

  • The records of this study will be kept private. No words linking me to the study will be included in any sort of report that might be published.

  • The records will be stored securely and only the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler, will have access to the records.

  • I have the right to get a summary of the results of this study if I would like to have them. I can get the summary by contacting the Principal Researcher, Jacqueline Wisler.

  • I understand that my participation is strictly voluntary. If I do not participate, it will not harm my relationship with Argosy University—Online or Jacqueline Wisler. If I decide to participate, I can refuse to answer any of the questions that may make me uncomfortable. I can quit at any time without my relations with the university, job, benefits, etc., being affected.

I can contact Jacqueline Wisler at jwisler@aii.edu.edu or Dr. Thomas Kemp at tkemp@argosy.edu with any questions about this study.

I understand that this study has been reviewed and Certified by the Institutional Review Board, Argosy University—Online. For problems or questions regarding participants’ rights, I can contact the Institutional Review Board Chair, Dr. Nancy Hoover, at nhoover@argosy.edu

I have read and understand the explanation provided to me. I have had all my questions answered to my satisfaction, and I voluntarily agree to participate in this study. By checking the accept box on the survey, I consent to participate in the study.

  1. 1.

    I have read the statement above and consent to participate in the survey

    • Accept

    • Do Not Accept

Appendix 5: Quantitative Research Tables

Demographics

See Tables 23, 24, 25.

Table 23 Count and percent statistics of participants’ business unit’s commercial activities
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Table 24 Count and percent statistics of participants’ national origin
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Table 25 Count and percent statistics of participants’ last formal educational institute attended
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Descriptive Statistics

See Tables 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33.

Table 26 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 1–3 by leader types
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Table 27 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 4 and 5 by leader types
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Table 28 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 6 and 7 by leader types
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Table 29 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 8 and 9 by leader types
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Table 30 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 10 and 11 by leader types
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Table 31 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 12–15 by leader types
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Table 32 Descriptive statistics of survey questions 16–18 by leader types
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Table 33 Descriptive statistics of survey question 19 by leader types
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Skewness and Kurtosis Statistics

See Tables 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41.

Table 34 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of economic egoism (survey questions 1–3) by leader types
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Table 35 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of reputational egoism (survey questions 4 and 5) by leader types
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Table 36 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of rule utilitarianism (survey questions 6 and 7) by leader types
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Table 37 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of act utilitarianism (survey questions 8 and 9) by leader types
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Table 38 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of virtue of self (survey questions 10 and 11) by leader types
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Table 39 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of virtue of others (survey questions 12–15) by leader types
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Table 40 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of act deontology (survey questions 16–18) by leader types
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Table 41 Skewness and Kurtosis statistics of rule deontology (survey question 19) by leader types
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Multicollinearity

See Tables 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48.

Table 42 Correlations between survey questions 1–3
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Table 43 Correlations between survey questions 4 and 5
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Table 44 Correlations between survey questions 6 and 7
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Table 45 Correlations between survey questions 8 and 9
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Table 46 Correlations between survey questions 10 and 11
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Table 47 Correlations between survey questions 12–15
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Table 48 Correlations between survey questions survey questions 16–18
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Kruskal–Wallis Tests

See Tables 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56.

Table 49 Summary statistics of Kruskal–Wallis tests conducted for survey questions 1–19
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Table 50 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 1
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Table 51 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 2
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Table 52 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 3
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Table 53 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 4
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Table 54 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 5
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Table 55 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 6
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Table 56 Model summary of the tests of between-subjects effects for Hypothesis 7
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Appendix 6: Quantitative Research Interview Questions

  1. 1.

    When you are protecting the reputation of the organization what are you protecting it from and what types of actions or decisions do you make to ensure this?

  2. 2.

    What does the phrase “optimizing organizational resources” mean to you and what types of actions and decisions does it entail?

  3. 3.

    What does the phrase “greatest overall benefit for the organization” mean to you, what does it look like?

  4. 4.

    What does the phrase “greatest overall benefit for the local community” mean to you/how do you define the local community?

  5. 5.

    What does the phrase “greatest overall benefit for the wider community” mean to you/how do you define the wider community?

  6. 6.

    What are your core personal values?

  7. 7.

    Describe how you interpreted “the person you would like to be when you answered question 14 on the survey.

  8. 8.

    How do you allow for others who will be impacted by a decision to have input into the decision-making process?

  9. 9.

    What does “ensuring you treat people as ends and not means” mean to you/how do you define that phrase?

  10. 10.

    How do you ensure there is fairness in your decision-making process?

  11. 11.

    What question should I have asked you that I did not?

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Wisler, J.C. U.S. CEOs of SBUs in Luxury Goods Organizations: A Mixed Methods Comparison of Ethical Decision-Making Profiles. J Bus Ethics 149, 443–518 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-016-3069-y

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