Abstract
The surface roughness lengths for momentum, \(z_{0u}\), and heat, \(z_{0T}\), are key parameters for modeling the momentum, mass and energy exchange between underlying surface and the atmosphere. Established approach predicts the dependency of the ratio \(C=\ln \left( z_{0u}/z_{0T}\right) \) on the roughness Reynolds number \({Re}_s\), confirmed earlier for a number of surface types. This paper for the first time evaluates such a relationship based on the eddy covariance data collected on a boreal fen dominated by moss and sedge vegetation. It is shown that the best parameterization is provided by two dependencies: \(C=0.359~{Re}_s^{1/4}+0.711\) and \(C=0.032~{Re}_s^{1/2}+1.706\). The significant sensitivity of these dependencies to longwave emissivity was revealed. We generalized this issue to linear analysis of parameter uncertainties in the MOST formulas. This analysis suggested, that the surface temperature errors contribute more to C evaluation compared to heat flux uncertainties, the former being affected also by mismatch between footprints of radiation and eddy covariance measurements. The practical solutions to minimize the issue are proposed. Comparison of our measurement data and obtained dependencies for C with known functions \(C(Re_s)\) for other types of surface from literature demonstrated that grassland and cropland surface types are the closest to fen in terms of \(z_{0u}/z_{0T}\).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The measurements data analysed during the current study are available online at https://smear.avaa.csc.fi/download. The datasets generated on their basis during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Alekseychik P, Korrensalo A, Mammarella I, Vesala T, Tuittila ES (2017) Relationship between aerodynamic roughness length and bulk sedge leaf area index in a mixed-species boreal mire complex. Geophys Res Lett 44:5836–5843. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073884
Alekseychik P, Katul G, Korpela I, Launiainen S (2021) Eddies in motion: visualizing boundary-layer turbulence above an open boreal peatland using UAS thermal videos. Atmos Meas Tech 14(5):3501–3521. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3501-2021
Alekseychik P, Kolari P, Rinne J, Haapanala S, Laakso H, Taipale R, Matilainen T, Salminen T, Levula J, Tuittila E (2019) Smear ii siikaneva 1 wetland meteorology and soil. University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research. https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-3501-2021
Andreas EL (1987) A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 38:159–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121562
Andreas EL, Horst TW, Grachev AA, Persson POG, Fairall CW, Guest PS, Jordan RE (2010) Parametrizing turbulent exchange over summer sea ice and the marginal ice zone. Q J R Meteorol Soc 136:927–943. https://doi.org/10.1002/QJ.618
Aubinet M, Vesala T, Papale D (2012) Eddy covariance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2351-1
Brewster MQ (1992) Thermal radiative transfer and properties. Wiley
Brutsaert W (1975) A theory for local evaporation (or heat transfer) from rough and smooth surfaces at ground level. Water Resour Res 11:543–550. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR011I004P00543
Brutsaert W (1982) Evaporation into the atmosphere: theory, history, and applications. Springer, Amsterdam
Chaney NW, Herman JD, Ek MB, Wood EF (2016) Deriving global parameter estimates for the NOAH land surface model using fluxnet and machine learning. J Geophys Res Atmos 121(22):13–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD024821
de Vrese P, Schulz JP, Hagemann S (2016) On the representation of heterogeneity in land-surface-atmosphere coupling. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 160(1):157–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-016-0133-1
Dyer AJ (1974) A review of flux-profile relationships. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 7:363–372. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00240838
ECMWF (2020) Part IV: physical processes. In: IFS Documentation CY47R1, pp 1–228
Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press
Haghighi E, Shahraeeni E, Lehmann P, Or D (2013) Evaporation rates across a convective air boundary layer are dominated by diffusion. Water Resour Res 49:1602–1610. https://doi.org/10.1002/WRCR.20166
Isabelle PE, Nadeau DF, Rousseau AN, Coursolle C, Margolis HA (2015) Applicability of the bulk-transfer approach to estimate evapotranspiration from boreal peatlands. J Hydrometeorol 16:1521–1539. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0171.1
Kadivar M, Tormey D, McGranaghan G (2021) A review on turbulent flow over rough surfaces: fundamentals and theories. Int J Thermofluids 10(100):077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2021.100077
Kanda M, Kanega M, Kawai T, Moriwaki R, Sugawara H (2007) Roughness lengths for momentum and heat derived from outdoor urban scale models. J Appl Meteorol Climatol 46:1067–1079. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAM2500.1
Kellner E (2001) Surface energy fluxes and control of evapotranspiration from a Swedish sphagnum mire. Agric For Meteorol 110:101–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(01)00283-0
Lawrence D, Fisher R, Koven C, Oleson K, Swenson S, Vertenstein M (2020) CLM5 documentation. Tech rep. NCAR, Boulder
Li D, Rigden A, Salvucci G, Liu H (2017) Reconciling the Reynolds number dependence of scalar roughness length and laminar resistance. Geophys Res Lett 44:3193–3200. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072864
Mauder M, Liebethal C, Göckede M, Leps JP, Beyrich F, Foken T (2006) Processing and quality control of flux data during LITFASS-2003. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 121(1):67–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-006-9094-0
Mölder M, Kellner E (2002) Excess resistance of bog surfaces in central Sweden. Agric For Meteorol 112:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00043-6
Mölder M, Lindroth A (1999) Thermal roughness length of a boreal forest. Agric For Meteorol 98–99:659–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00132-X
Mölder M, Lindroth A, Grelle A (1999) Experimental determination of the roughness length for temperature over a field of tall grass in central Sweden. Geogr Ann Ser B 81:87–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.0435-3676.1999.00051.X
Monin AS, Obukhov AM (1954) Basic laws of turbulent mixing in the surface layer of the atmosphere. Tr Akad Nauk SSSR Geophiz Inst 24:163–187
Papale D (2017) FI-Sii ICOS ecosystem station labelling report. https://meta.icos-cp.eu/objects/KwWwOssYEgPCpIw6Zb4554Q5
Paulson CA (1970) The mathematical representation of wind speed and temperature profiles in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. J Appl Meteorol 9:857–861
Rice SK, Gagliardi TA, Krasa RA (2018) Canopy structure affects temperature distributions and free convection in moss shoot systems. Am J Bot 105(9):1499–1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1145
Rigden A, Li D, Salvucci G (2017) Dependence of thermal roughness length on friction velocity across land cover types: a synthesis analysis using ameriflux data. Agric For Meteorol 249:512–519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.06.003
Rinne J, Tuittila ES, Peltola O, Li X, Raivonen M, Alekseychik P, Haapanala S, Pihlatie M, Aurela M, Mammarella I, Vesala T (2018) Temporal variation of ecosystem scale methane emission from a boreal fen in relation to temperature, water table position, and carbon dioxide fluxes. Global Biogeochem Cycles 32:1087–1106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GB005747
Runkle BRK, Wille C, Gažovič M, Wilmking M, Kutzbach L (2014) The surface energy balance and its drivers in a boreal peatland fen of northwestern Russia. J Hydrol 511:359–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.01.056
Shimoyama K, Hiyama T, Fukushima Y, Inoue G (2004) Controls on evapotranspiration in a west Siberian bog. J Geophys Res Atmos 109:8111. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004114
Smeets CJPP, van den Broeke MR (2008) The parameterisation of scalar transfer over rough ice. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 128:339–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10546-008-9292-Z
Stepanenko VM, Repina IA, Fedosov VE, Zilitinkevich SS, Lykossov VN (2020) An overview of parameterizations of heat transfer over moss-covered surfaces in the earth system models. Izvestiya Atmos Ocean Phys 56:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0001433820020139
Yaglom AM, Kader BA (1974) Heat and mass transfer between a rough wall and turbulent fluid flow at high Reynolds and Péclet numbers. J Fluid Mech 62:601–623. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112074000838
Young AM, Friedl MA, Seyednasrollah B, Beamesderfer E, Carrillo CM, Li X, Moon M, Arain MA, Baldocchi DD, Blanken PD, Bohrer G, Burns SP, Chu H, Desai AR, Griffis TJ, Hollinger DY, Litvak ME, Novick K, Scott RL, Suyker AE, Verfaillie J, Wood JD, Richardson AD (2021) Seasonality in aerodynamic resistance across a range of north American ecosystems. Agric For Meteorol 310(108):613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2021.108613
Zilitinkevich S (1995) Non-local turbulent transport pollution dispersion aspects of coherent structure of convective flows. Air pollution III. Computational mechanics publications, air pollution theory and simulation, pp 53–60
Zilitinkevich S (1970) Dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer. Gidrometeoizdat (in Russian)
Zilitinkevich S, Grachev A, Fairall C (2001) Scaling reasoning and field data on the sea-surface roughness lengths for scalars. J Atmos Sci 58:320–325
Zilitinkevich SS, Mammarella I, Baklanov AA, Joffre SM (2008) The effect of stratification on the aerodynamic roughness length and displacement height. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 129(2):179–190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-008-9307-9
Acknowledgements
The paper was published with the financial support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation as part of the program of the Moscow Center for Fundamental and Applied Mathematics under the agreement No. 075-15-2022-284 (comparison of parameterizations obtained in this study with parameterizations from literature). This work was partially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grants 18-05-60126 (the setup of the study), 20-05-00773 (methodology of roughness lengths retrieval from measurements); Russian Science Foundation, grant 21-17-00249 (measurement data preprocessing and filtering methodology); interdisciplinary research and educational school ”Brain, cognitive systems, artificial intelligence” of Moscow State University (literature overview). S.Z., S.T. and P.A. are supported by Academy of Finland project ClimEco no. 314 798/799.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
S.S. Zilitinkevich: Deceased.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Varentsov, A.I., Zilitinkevich, S.S., Stepanenko, V.M. et al. Thermal Roughness of the Fen Surface. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 187, 213–227 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00741-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-022-00741-6