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A Twin-Sibling Study on Early Growth and Hormone Levels in Adolescents

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Abstract

This study addresses how growth during sensitive developmental periods and genes may affect hormone levels in late adolescence. We analyzed hormone levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), which are hypothesized to be two pathways linking early growth with adult diseases (such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease) via their effects on enhanced insulin resistance. In a twin-sibling study, we tested whether there is an association between reduced intra-uterine growth and higher DHEAS or IGF-I levels in serum during adolescence, and we examined the contribution of insulin to the link between early growth and higher DHEAS and/or IGF-I levels. Anthropometric and hormone data were collected in 18-year-old twins (184 pairs) and their non-twin siblings (n = 98). Neither birth weight nor current body size predicted serum DHEAS and IGF-I levels. In the subsample of children who showed catch-up growth in weight during infancy, the children of lower birth weight had significantly higher serum DHEAS and IGF-I levels, but these were not related to insulin levels. Variation in serum DHEAS, IGF-I and fasting insulin levels was largely explained by genetic factors (73, 78 and 61 % respectively). Thus, early growth affects hormone levels in adolescence, but only in children with catch-up growth after birth. No evidence was found that early growth enhances insulin resistance via the hormones DHEAS or IGF-I.

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Acknowledgments

This paper is dedicated to the memory of prof. Dr. Henriette A. Delemarre-van de Waal of the Department of Pediatrics, LUMC University Hospital Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands. This work was supported by ‘Spinozapremie’ (NWO/SPI 56-464-14192); ‘Twin-family database for behavior genetics and genomics studies’ (NWO 480-04-004); Genetic influences on glucocorticoid and gonadal hormones, intelligence and behavior (NWO 575-25-012); Database Twin register (NWO 575-25-006); NWO VENI Grant (451-04-034). Educational Grant to G.F.E.-v.B. provided by Ferring Pharmaceuticals, The Netherlands. Assessment of DHEAS and IGF-I was done at the Endocrinological Laboratory of the VU University Medical Center (Amsterdam, The Netherlands); assessment of insulin at Good Biomarker Sciences (GBS, Leiden, The Netherlands). Genotyping for zygosity of twin pairs was carried out at the Avera Institute for Human Genetics (South Dakota, USA).

Conflict of Interest

G. Frederiek Estourgie-van Burk, Meike Bartels, Dorret I. Boomsma declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    G. Frederiek Estourgie-van Burk

  2. Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    G. Frederiek Estourgie-van Burk, Meike Bartels & Dorret I. Boomsma

  3. EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Meike Bartels & Dorret I. Boomsma

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  1. G. Frederiek Estourgie-van Burk
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Estourgie-van Burk, G.F., Bartels, M. & Boomsma, D.I. A Twin-Sibling Study on Early Growth and Hormone Levels in Adolescents. Behav Genet 45, 283–293 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-014-9697-z

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