Abstract
This paper presents a 75–90 GHz down-conversion mixer applied in automotive radar, which is characterized with high linearity, low local oscillator (LO) drive as well as high conversion gain (CG) using TSMC 65-nm CMOS general-purpose technology. The good linearity and isolation of mixer are required for automotive radar to cover short-middle-far range detection. The mixer includes an enhanced double-balanced Gilbert-cell core with series peaking transmission line and source degeneration technique for improving linearity and CG, two on-chip baluns and intermediate frequency (IF) buffer for IF test. Besides, to make the design more accurate and efficient, the modeling and design of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) passive devices are introduced. The mixer consumes 12 mW under 1.5 V. The input 1 dB compression point (P1dB) is 2.5 dBm as well as IIP3 of 13.2 dBm at 80 GHz. High performances are achieved with the CG of 5 dB at 76 GHz with LO power of 0 dBm for frequencies of 75–90 GHz which covers the application of automotive radar frequency band (76–81 GHz) and LO-RF isolation of 33–37 dB for frequencies of 60–90 GHz. The area of the mixer is 0.14 mm2, with PADs included.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hasch, J., Topak, E., Schnabel, R., Zwick, T., Weigel, R., & Waldschmidt, C. (2012). Millimeter-wave technology for automotive radar sensors in the 77 GHz frequency band. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60(3SI2), 845–860.
Trotta, S., Wintermantel, M., Dixon, J., Moeller, U., Jammers, R., Hauck, T., et al. (2012). An RCP packaged transceiver chipset for automotive LRR and SRR systems in SiGe BiCMOS technology. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60(3SI2), 778–794.
Razavi, B. (2009). Design of millimeter-wave CMOS radios: A tutorial. IEEE Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, 56(1), 4–16.
Viet, H. L., Hoa, T. D., Anh, T. H., Ta, C. M., Zhang, F., Evans, R. J., et al. (2013). A CMOS 77-GHz receiver front-end for automotive radar. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 61(10), 3783–3793.
Lee, J., Li, Y., Hung, M., & Huang, S. (2010). A fully-integrated 77-GHz FMCW radar transceiver in 65-nm CMOS technology. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 45(12SI), 2746–2756.
Guermandi, D., Shi, Q., Dewilde, A., Derudder, V., Ahmad, U., Spagnolo, A., et al. (2017). A 79-GHz 2x2 MIMO PMCW radar SoC in 28-nm CMOS. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 52(10), 2613–2626.
Zhang, N., Xu, H., Wu, H., & Kenneth, K. O. (2009). W-band active down-conversion mixer in bulk CMOS. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 19(2), 98–100.
Tsai, J. (2012). Design of 40-108-GHz low-power and high-speed CMOS up-/down-conversion ring mixers for multistandard MMW radio applications. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60(3SI2), 670–678.
Lin, Y., Wang, C., & Liu, J. (2017). 94 GHz down-conversion mixer with gain enhanced Gilbert cell in 90 nm CMOS. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 93(1), 1–11.
Lin, Y., Lan, K., Wang, C., Chi, C., & Lu, S. (2016). 6.3 mW 94 GHz CMOS down-conversion mixer with 11.6 dB gain and 54 dB LO-RF isolation. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, 26(8), 604–606.
Lin, Y., Lan, K., Lin, Y., Pan, H., Chen, C., & Wang, C. (2017). A 90-96 GHz CMOS down-conversion mixer with high conversion gain and excellent LO-RF isolation. In IEEE radio and wireless symposium (pp. 162–165).
Zhu, F., Hong, W., Chen, J., Jiang, X., Wu, K., Yan, P., et al. (2014). A broadband low-power millimeter-wave CMOS downconversion mixer with improved linearity. IEEE Circuits and Systems II-Express Briefs, 61(3), 138–142.
Lin, Y., Lan, K., Wang, C., & Li, G. (2017). Design and implementation of a 94 GHz CMOS down-conversion mixer with integrated miniature planar baluns for image radar sensors. Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 91(3), 353–365.
Kim, J., Kornegay, K. T., Alvarado, J., Jr., Lee, C. H., & Laskar, J. (2009). W-band double-balanced down-conversion mixer with Marchand baluns in silicon-germanium technology. Electronics Letters, 45(16), 841–843.
Parlak, M., & Buckwalter, J. F. (2013). A passive I/Q millimeter-wave mixer and switch in 45-nm CMOS SOI. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 61(3SI), 1131–1139.
Lu, H., Kuo, C., Lin, P., Tai, C., Chang, Y., Jiang, Y., et al. (2012). Flip-chip-assembled W-band CMOS chip modules on ceramic integrated passive device with transition compensation for millimeter-wave system-in-package integration. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 60(3SI2), 766–777.
Chen, J., Kuo, C., Hsin, Y., & Wang, H. (2010). A 15–50 GHz broadband resistive FET ring mixer using 0.18-μm CMOS technology. In IEEE MTT-S international microwave symposium (pp. 784–787).
Kuo, C., Kuo, C., Kuo, C., Maas, S. A., & Wang, H. (2008). Novel miniature and broadband millimeter-wave monolithic star mixers. IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques, 56(4), 793–802.
Chang, T., & Lin, J. (2006). 1–11 GHz ultra-wideband resistive ring mixer in 0.18-μm CMOS technology. In D. Ngo (Ed.), IEEE radio frequency integrated circuits symposium (p. 459).
Jia, H., Kuang, L., Zhu, W., Wang, Z., Ma, F., Wang, Z., et al. (2016). A 77 GHz frequency doubling two-path phased-array FMCW transceiver for automotive radar. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 51(10), 2299–2311.
Shi, J., Kang, K., Xiong, Y. Z., Brinkhoff, J., Lin, F., & Yuan, X. (2010). Millimeter-wave passives in 45-nm digital CMOS. IEEE Electron Device Letters, 31(10), 1080–1082.
Hsieh, H., & Lu, L. (2007). Design of ultra-low-voltage RF frontends with complementary current-reused architectures. IEEE Microwave Theory, 55(7), 1445–1458. https://doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2007.900208.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pan, D., Duan, Z., Huang, L. et al. Design of high-linearity 75–90 GHz CMOS down-conversion mixer for automotive radar. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 97, 313–322 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1247-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-018-1247-9