Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics of Persons Who Inject Drugs with Recent HIV Infection in the United States: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2012

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We evaluated characteristics associated with recent HIV infection among persons who inject drugs (PWID) from 19 U.S. cities who participated in 2012 National HIV Behavioral Surveillance. Recent infection was defined as having a reactive HIV test, a Bio-Rad Avidity index cutoff ≤ 30%, no reported HIV diagnosis ≥ 12 months before interview, and no evidence of viral suppression. Of 8667 PWID, 50 (0.6%) were recently HIV infected. Having a greater number of sex partners (≥ 2 partners vs. 0) [prevalence ratio (PR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–17.8], injecting heroin and other drugs (PR 3.0, 95% CI 1.3–6.6) or exclusively non-heroin drugs (PR 5.9, 95% CI 1.7–20.7) compared to injecting only heroin, and having male–male sex in the past year (PR 7.1, 95% CI 3.0–16.6) were associated with recent infection. Promoting not only safe injection practices but also safe sex practices will be key to preventing new HIV infections.

Resumen

Evaluamos las características asociadas con infección reciente de VIH entre personas que se inyectan drogas (PWID) en 19 ciudades en los Estados Unidos que participaron en la Vigilancia Nacional del Comportamiento del VIH en 2012. Infección reciente se definió como tener una prueba reactiva de VIH, un índice de avidez (ensayo Bio-Rad) ≤ 30%, no haber reportado un diagnóstico de VIH en ≥ 12 meses antes de la entrevista, y ninguna evidencia de supresión viral. De 8667 PWID, 50 (0.6%) fueron infectadas recientemente con VIH. Tener un mayor número de parejas sexuales (≥ 2 parejas vs. 0) [razón de prevalencia (RP) 4.7, intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95% 1.3–17.8], inyectarse heroína y otras drogas (RP 3.0, IC 95% 1.3- 6.6) o exclusivamente las drogas que no contienen heroína (RP 5.9, IC 95% 1.7–20.7) en comparación con inyectarse solamente heroína, y tener sexo hombre con hombre en el último año (RP 7.1, IC 95%: 3.0–16.6) se asociaron con infección reciente. Promover no solo las prácticas seguras de inyección, sino también las prácticas seguras de sexo será clave para prevenir nuevas infecciones de VIH.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Powers KA, Ghani AC, Miller WC, Hoffman IF, Pettifor AE, Kamanga G, et al. The role of acute and early HIV infection in the spread of HIV and implications for transmission prevention strategies in Lilongwe, Malawi: a modelling study. Lancet (London, England). 2011;378(9787):256–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Volz EM, Ionides E, Romero-Severson EO, Brandt MG, Mokotoff E, Koopman JS. HIV-1 transmission during early infection in men who have sex with men: a phylodynamic analysis. PLoS Med. 2013;10(12):e1001568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. UNAIDS/WHO. Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV. Geneva: WHO; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  4. UNAIDS/WHO. When and how to use assays for recent infection to estimate HIV incidence at a population level. Geneva: UNAIDS/WHO; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Infection, Risk, Prevention, and Testing Behaviors among Persons Who Inject Drugs—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance: Injection Drug Use, 20 U.S. Cities, 2012. HIV Surveillance Special Report 11. Revised edition. Published August 2015.

  6. Spiller MW, Broz D, Wejnert C, Nerlander L, Paz-Bailey G. HIV infection and HIV-associated behaviors among persons who inject drugs–20 cities, United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl Rep. 2015;64(10):270–5.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Finlayson TJ, Le B, Smith A, Bowles K, Cribbin M, Miles I, et al. HIV risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among men who have sex with men–National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 21 US cities, United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl Rep. 2011;60(14):1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Masciotra S, Candal D, Hanson DL, et al. Antibody avidity-based assay for identifying recent HIV-1 infections based on genetic systems ½ plus O EIA. Conferences on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; San Francisco, CA, USA. 2010.

  9. Hanson DL, Song R, Masciotra S, Hernandez A, Dobbs TL, Parekh BS, et al. Mean recency period for estimation of HIV-1 incidence with the BED-capture EIA and bio-rad avidity in persons diagnosed in the united states with subtype B. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0152327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kassanjee R, Pilcher CD, Keating S, et al. Independent evaluation of predicate incidence assays for HIV surveillance. Conference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections; Boston, MA. 2014. Abstract 1005.

  11. Kim AA, Hallett T, Stover J, Gouws E, Musinguzi J, Mureithi PK, et al. Estimating HIV incidence among adults in Kenya and Uganda: a systematic comparison of multiple methods. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(3):e17535.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Fact Sheet: HIV and Injection Drug Use2016. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/risk/cdc-hiv-idu-fact-sheet.pdf.

  13. Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, Huang Y, Madison M, Mayer K, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. Aids. 2006;20(5):731–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Strathdee SA, Sherman SG. The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. J Urban Health. 2003;80(3):7–14.

    Google Scholar 

  15. El-Bassel N, Shaw SA, Dasgupta A, Strathdee SA. People who inject drugs in intimate relationships: it takes two to combat HIV. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2014;11(1):45–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Morin SF, Myers JJ, Shade SB, Koester K, Maiorana A, Rose CD. Predicting HIV transmission risk among HIV-infected patients seen in clinical settings. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(1):6–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Plankey MW, Ostrow DG, Stall R, Cox C, Li X, Peck JA, et al. The relationship between methamphetamine and popper use and risk of HIV seroconversion in the multicenter AIDS cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45(1):85–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Landovitz RJ, Tran TTT, Cohn SE, Ofotokun I, Godfrey C, Kuritzkes DR, et al. HIV transmission risk behavior in a cohort of HIV-infected treatment-naïve men and women in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(12):2983–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Baggaley RF, White RG, Boily MC. HIV transmission risk through anal intercourse: systematic review, meta-analysis and implications for HIV prevention. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(4):1048–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Boily MC, Baggaley RF, Wang L, Masse B, White RG, Hayes RJ, et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9(2):118–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. US Public Health Service. Preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in the United States—2014: a clinical practice guideline. May 14, 2014.

  22. Morris JD, Golub ET, Mehta SH, Jacobson LP, Gange SJ. Injection drug use and patterns of highly active antiretroviral therapy use: an analysis of ALIVE, WIHS, and MACS cohorts. AIDS Res Ther. 2007;4:12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Marks G, Crepaz N, Senterfitt JW, Janssen RS. Meta-analysis of high-risk sexual behavior in persons aware and unaware they are infected with HIV in the United States: implications for HIV prevention programs. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;39(4):446–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Broz D, Wejnert C, Pham HT, DiNenno E, Heffelfinger JD, Cribbin M, et al. HIV infection and risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among injecting drug users—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System, 20 US cities, 2009. Morb Mortal Wkl Rep. 2014;63(6):1–51.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Conrad C, Bradley HM, Broz D, Buddha S, Chapman EL, Galang RR, et al. Community outbreak of HIV infection linked to injection drug use of oxymorphone-Indiana, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl Rep. 2015;64(16):443–4.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Peters PJ, Pontones P, Hoover KW, Patel MR, Galang RR, Shields J, et al. HIV infection linked to injection use of oxymorphone in Indiana, 2014–2015. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(3):229–39.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank all of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) 2012 participants. We also thank members of the NHBS Study Group: Atlanta, Georgia: Jeff Todd, Greg Bautista; Baltimore, Maryland: Colin Flynn, Danielle German; Boston, Massachusetts: Maura Miminos, Rose Doherty, Chris Wittke; Chicago, Illinois: Nikhil Prachand, Nanette Benbow; Dallas, Texas: Sharon Melville, Shane Sheu, Alicia Novoa; Denver, Colorado: Mark Thrun, Alia Al-Tayyib, Ralph Wilmoth; Detroit, Michigan: Vivian Griffin, Emily Higgins, Kathryn MacMaster; Houston, Texas: Marcia Wolverton, Hafeez Rehman, Paige Padgett; Los Angeles, California: Trista Bingham, Ekow Kwa Sey; Miami, Florida: Marlene LaLota, Lisa Metsch, David Forrest; Nassau-Suffolk, New York: Bridget Anderson, P. Tyler French, Lou Smith; New Orleans, Louisiana: DeAnn Gruber, William T. Robinson, Narquis Barak; New York City, New York: Alan Neaigus, Kathleen H. Reilly, Travis Wendel; Newark, New Jersey: Barbara Bolden, Afework Wogayehu, Henry Godette; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Kathleen A. Brady, Jennifer Shinefeld; San Diego, California: Vanessa Miguelino-Keasling, Veronica Tovar-Moore; San Francisco, California: H. Fisher Raymond; San Juan, Puerto Rico: Sandra Miranda De León, Yadira Rolón-Colón, Melissa Marzan; Seattle, Washington: Tom Jaenicke, Hanne Thiede, Richard Burt; Washington, D.C.: Manya Magnus, Irene Kuo, Tiffany West; and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Behavioral Surveillance Team.

Disclaimer

The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Funding

No funding was received for this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30333, USA

    J. Chapin-Bardales, S. Masciotra, A. Smith, B. E. Hoots, A. Martin, W. M. Switzer, W. Luo, S. M. Owen & G. Paz-Bailey

Authors
  1. J. Chapin-Bardales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Masciotra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. A. Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. E. Hoots
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Martin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. W. M. Switzer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. W. Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S. M. Owen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. G. Paz-Bailey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Consortia

for the NHBS study group

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Chapin-Bardales.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All authors have contributed to the study and manuscript and provided their approval to submit. To our knowledge, all authors have no conflicts of interest related to the submitted work.

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed Consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study, as approved by local institutional review boards at each study site.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chapin-Bardales, J., Masciotra, S., Smith, A. et al. Characteristics of Persons Who Inject Drugs with Recent HIV Infection in the United States: National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 2012. AIDS Behav 23, 3277–3285 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02420-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02420-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation