Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Predicting Pharmacist Dispensing Practices and Comfort Related to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention (PrEP)

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To identify factors associated with pharmacist dispensing practice and comfort counseling patients about pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention (PrEP). Cross-sectional 2016 census of Indiana managing pharmacists measured PrEP awareness, comfort dispensing and counseling patients. Modified Poisson models with robust error variance estimated relative risks and confidence intervals. 15.8% of 284 pharmacists had dispensed PrEP and 11.6% had consulted about it. Dispensing and comfort counseling were associated with confidence in knowledge about PrEP medication adherence and adverse effects of PrEP medication; awareness about PrEP before the survey, number of full time pharmacists in their pharmacy, and increases in new HIV cases from 2015 to 2016 in communities served. Comfort counseling about PrEP was associated with the belief that pharmacists can be an important resource for HIV and HCV treatment.

Resumen

Identificar los factores asociados con la práctica de dispensación de farmacéuticos y aconsejar a los pacientes sobre la profilaxis previa a la exposición para la prevención del VIH (PrEP). El censo transversal de 2016 de los farmacéuticos de Indiana midió el conocimiento de PrEP, la dispensación de la comodidad y el asesoramiento a los pacientes. Los modelos de Poisson modificados con una varianza de error robusta estimaron los riesgos relativos y los intervalos de confianza. El 15.8% de los 284 farmacéuticos habían dispensado PrEP y el 11.6% había consultado al respecto. El asesoramiento sobre la dispensación y la comodidad se asociaron con la confianza en el conocimiento sobre la adherencia a la medicación con PrEP y los efectos adversos de la medicación con PrEP; conocimiento sobre PrEP antes de la encuesta, número de farmacéuticos a tiempo completo en su farmacia, y aumentos en nuevos casos de VIH desde 2015 hasta 2016 en las comunidades atendidas. El asesoramiento de comodidad sobre la PrEP se asoció con la creencia de que los farmacéuticos pueden ser un recurso importante para el tratamiento del VIH y el VHC.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(27):2587–99.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Baeten J, Celum C. Oral antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis: current status. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2012;7(6):514–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Damme L, Corneli A, Ahmed K, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection among African women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(5):411–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Young I, Li J, McDaid L. Awareness and willingness to use HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis amongst gay and bisexual men in Scotland: implications for biomedical HIV prevention. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(5):e64038.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Jayakumaran JS, Aaron E, Gracely EJ, Schriver E, Szep Z. Knowledge, attitudes, and acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis among individuals living with HIV in an urban HIV clinic. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(2):e0145670.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Strauss BB, Greene GJ, Phillips G, Bhatia R, Madkins K, Parsons JT, Mustanski B. Exploring patterns of awareness and use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among young men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(5):1288–98.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Ross I, Mejia C, Melendez J, Chan PA, Nunn AC, Powderly W, Goodenberger K, Liu J, Mayer KH, Patel RR. Awareness and attitudes of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among physicians in Guatemala: implications for country-wide implementation. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0173057.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Smith DK, Mendoza MCB, Stryker JE, Rose CE. PrEP awareness and attitudes in a national survey of primary care clinicians in the United States, 2009-2015. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(6):e0156592.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Calabrese SK, Earnshaw VA, Underhill K, Hansen NB, Dovidio JF. The impact of patient race on clinical decisions related to prescribing HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): assumptions about sexual risk compensation and implications for access. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(2):226–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Norman J. Americans rate healthcare providers high on honesty, ethics. Social & Policy Issues 2016; December. http://news.gallup.com/poll/200057/americans-rate-healthcare-providers-high-honesty-ethics.aspx. Accessed 22 May 22 2018.

  11. Bruno C, Saberi P. Pharmacists as providers of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Int J Clin Pharm. 2012;34(6):803–6.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Moffat C, Matyanga J. The role of the pharmacist in pre-exposure prophylaxis. Pharmacol Pharm. 2014;5:225–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Shaeer KM, Sherman EM, Shafiq S, Hardigan P. Exploratory survey of Florida pharmacists’ experience, knowledge and perceptions of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Am J Pharm Assoc. 2014;54(6):610–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Hammett TM, Phan S, Gaggin J, Case P, Zaller N, Lutnick A, Kral AH, Fedorova EV, Heimer R, Small W, Pollini R, Beletsky L, Latkin C, de Jarlais DC. Pharmacies as providers of expanded health services for people who inject drugs: a review of laws, policies and barriers in six countries. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(261):1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hogue MD, Grabenstein JD, Foster SL, Rothholz MC. Pharmacist involvement with immunizations: a decade of professional advancement. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003;2006(46):168–79.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Murphy P, Cocohoba J, Tang A, Pietrandoni G, Hou J, Guglielmo BJ. Impact of HIV-specialized pharmacies on adherence and persistence with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2012;26:526–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Meyerson BE, Ryder PT, Richey-Smith C. Achieving pharmacy-based public health: a call for public health engagement. Public Health Rep. 2013;128:140–3.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Bunting BA, Smith BH, Sutherland SE. The Ashville Project: clinical and economic outcomes of a community-based long-term medication therapy management program for hypertension and dyslipidemia. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003;2008(48):23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Snella KA, Canales AE, Irons BK, Sleeper-Irons RB, Villarreal MC, Levi-Derrick VE, et al. Pharmacy- and community-based screenings for diabetes and cardiovascular conditions in high-risk individuals. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2003;2006(46):370–7.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Meyerson BE, Agley JD, Davis A, Jayawardene W, Hoss A, Shannon DJ, Ryder PT, Ritchie K, Gassman R. Predicting pharmacy naloxone stocking and dispensing following a statewide standing order, Indiana. Drug Alcohol Dependence. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.032.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Meyerson BE, Davis A, Agley JD, Shannon DJ, Lawrence CA, Ryder PT, Ritchie K, Gassman R. Predicting pharmacy syringe sales to people who inject drugs: policy practice and perceptions 2018. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;56:46–53.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Meyerson BE, Ryder PT, Von Hippel C, Coy K. We can do more than just sell the test: pharmacist perspectives about over the counter rapid HIV tests. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(6):2109–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ryder PT, Meyerson BE, Coy KC, von Hippel CD. Pharmacists’ perspectives on HIV testing in community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2013;53:595–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Amesty S, Blaney S, Crawford ND, Rivera AV, Fuller C. Pharmacy staff characteristics associated with support for pharmacy based HIV testing. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2012;26(9):526–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Petroll AE, Walsh JL, Owczarzak JL, McAuliffe TL, Bogart LM, Kelly JA. PrEP awareness, familiarity, comfort, and prescribing experience among US primary care providers and HIV specialists. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(5):1256–67.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Spector AY, Remien RH, Tross S. PrEP in substance abuse treatment: a qualitative study of treatment provider perspectives. Subst Abuse Treat Prevent Policy. 2015;10(1):1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Carter GA, Jayawardene W, Agley J, Garcia J, Miller W, Sherwood-Laughlin, C, Meyerson BE. Development of a 10-item tool to identify APN readiness to prescribe pre-exposure prophylaxis. (in review).

  28. Matyanga CMJ, Khoza S, Gavi S. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: pharmacists knowledge, perception and willingness to adopt future implementation in a Zimbabwean urban setting. East Cent Afr J Pharm Sci. 2014;17(1):3–9.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Atkinson J, Sánchez Pozo A, Rekkas D, Volmer D, Hirvonen J, Bozic B, Skowron A, Mircioiu C, Sandulovici R, et al. Hospital and community pharmacists’ perceptions of which competencies are important for their practice. Pharm (Basel). 2016;4(2):21.

    PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Nash RE, Chalmers L, Stupans I, Brown N. Knowledge, use and perceived relevance of a profession’s Competency Standards; implications for Pharmacy Education. Int J Pharm Pract. 2016;24(6):390–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Unni EJ, Lian N, Kuykendall W. Understanding community pharmacist perceptions and knowledge about HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) therapy in a mountain west state. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2016;56:527–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Yoong D, Naccarato M, Sharma M, Wilton J, Senn H, Tan DHS. Preparing for pre-exposure prophylaxis: perceptions and readiness of Canadian pharmacists for the implementation of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27(8):608–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hall HI, Holtgrave DR, Maulsby C. HIV transmission rates from persons living with HIV who are aware and unaware of their infection. AIDS. 2012;26(7):893–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Balaji AB, Bowles KE, Le BC, Paz-Bailey G. Oster AM for the NHBS Study Group. High HIV incidence and prevalence and associated factors among young MSM, 2008. AIDS. 2013;27(2):269–78.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Meyerson BE, Agley JD, Davis A, Jayawardene W, Hoss A, Shannon DJ, Ryder PT, Ritchie K, Gassman R. Predicting pharmacy naloxone stocking and dispensing following a statewide standing order, Indiana. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;188:187–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Agley JD, Meyerson BE, Shannon DJ, Ryder PT, Ritchie K, Gassman R. Using the hybrid method to survey U.S. pharmacists: applying lessons learned to leverage technology. Res Soc Adm Pharm. 2016;13:250–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. [online]: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-commuting-area-codes.aspx Accessed 15 Sept 15 2016.

  38. Health Resources and Services Administration. Medically Underserved Areas. https://bhw.hrsa.gov/shortage-designation/muap. Accessed 1 Sept 2016.

  39. Patrick R, Forrest D, Cardenas G, Opoku J, Magnus M, Phillips G, Greenberg A, Metsch L, Kharfen M, et al. Awareness, willingness, and use of pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men in Washington, DC and Miami Dade County, FL: National behavioral surveillance, 2011 and 2014. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Supp 3):S375–82.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Siegler AJ, Mouhanna F, Giler RM, Weiss K, Pembleton E, Guest J, Jones J, Castel A, Yeung H, et al. The prevalence of pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the pre-exposure prophylaxis-to-need ratio in the fourth quarter of 2017, United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28(12):841–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159:702–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 6th ed. Boston: Pearson Education; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Keeter S, Kennedy C, Dimock M, Best J, Craighill P. Gauging the Impact of Growing Nonresponse on Estimates from a National RDD Telephone Survey. Public Opin Q. 2006;70:759–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Stuart GS, Grimes DA. Social desirability bias in family planning studies: a neglected problem. Contraception. 2009;80(2):108–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Blumenthal J, Jain S, Krakower D, Sun X, Young J, Mayer K, Haubrich R. Knowledge is power! Increased provider knowledge scores regarding pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are associated with higher rates of PrEP prescription and future intent to prescribe PrEP. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(5):802–10.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Brooks RA, Kaplan RL, Lieber E, Landovitz RJ, Lee SJ, Leibowitz AA. Motivators, concerns and barriers to adoption of pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men in HIV sero-discordant male relationships. AIDS Care. 2011;23(9):1136–45.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Bauermeister JA, Meanley S, Pingel E, Soler JH, Harper GW. PrEP awareness and perceived barriers among single young men who have sex with men in the United States. Curr HIV Res. 2013;11(7):520–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Eades CE, O’Carroll RE. Public health in community pharmacy: a systematic review of pharmacist and consumer views. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:582.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Anderson C, Blenkinsopp A, Armstrong M. Feedback from community pharmacy users on the contribution of community pharmacy to improving the public’s health: a systemic review of the peer reviewed a non-peer reviewed literature 1990-2002. Health Expect. 2004;7(3):191–202.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Snella KA, Canales AE, Irons BK, Sleeper-Irons RB, Villarreal MC, Levi-Derrick VE, et al. Pharmacy- and community-based screenings for diabetes and cardiovascular conditions in high-risk individuals. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2006;46:370–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Potter MB, Gildengorin G, Wang Y, Wu M, Kroon L. Comparative effectiveness of two pharmacy-based colorectal cancer screening interventions during an annual influenza vaccination campaign. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2010;50:181–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Letassy N, Dennis V, Lyons TJ, Harrison D, Burton M, Kirkpatrick A. Know your diabetes risk project: student pharmacists educating adults about diabetes risk in a community pharmacy setting. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2010;50:188–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Patwardhan PD, Chewning BA. Effectiveness of intervention to implement tobacco cessation counseling in community chain pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. 2012;52:507–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Brown TJ, Todd A, O’Malley C, et al. Community pharmacy-delivered interventions for public health priorities: a systematic review of interventions for alcohol reduction, smoking cessation and weight management, including meta-analysis for smoking cessation. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009828.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Hayes Directories, Inc. Hayes Database of Retail Pharmacies. Mission Viejo, California. List published and purchased by authors December 2015.

  56. Sheff JT, Nowak C, Maxey H. 2012 Indiana Pharmacist Workforce. Department of Family Medicine, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis. https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/bitstream/handle/1805/6479/2012%20Indiana%20Pharmacist%20Workforce.pdf;sequence=1. Accessed 14 Nov 2018.

Download references

Funding

This study was funded in part by the Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute by Award Number UL1TR001108 from the National Institutes of Health, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Clinical and Translational Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. It was also funded in part by the Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington Faculty Research Grant Program.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA

    B. E. Meyerson, P. C. Dinh Jr, J. D. Agley & W. Jayawardene

  2. Rural Center for AIDS/STD Prevention, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

    B. E. Meyerson & P. C. Dinh Jr

  3. Indiana Prevention Research Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

    J. D. Agley & W. Jayawardene

  4. Institute for Research on Addictive Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, USA

    J. D. Agley & W. Jayawardene

  5. Center for Interdisciplinary Inquiry and Innovation in Sexual and Reproductive Health (Ci3), The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    B. J. Hill & D. N. Motley

  6. Indiana University School of Nursing, Bloomington, IN, USA

    G. A. Carter

  7. Larkin University College of Pharmacy, Miami, FL, USA

    P. T. Ryder

  8. Planned Parenthood Great Plains, Overland Park, KS, USA

    B. J. Hill

Authors
  1. B. E. Meyerson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. P. C. Dinh Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. D. Agley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. B. J. Hill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D. N. Motley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. G. A. Carter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. W. Jayawardene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. P. T. Ryder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. E. Meyerson.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

Research Involving Human Participants

This study was deemed exempt by the Indiana University IRB. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals participating in the study. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Meyerson, B.E., Dinh, P.C., Agley, J.D. et al. Predicting Pharmacist Dispensing Practices and Comfort Related to Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Prevention (PrEP). AIDS Behav 23, 1925–1938 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-02383-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-02383-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation