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Cacao cultivation as a livelihood strategy: contributions to the well-being of Colombian rural households

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Abstract

Cacao cultivation is one of the most important livelihoods for rural households in Colombia, where it is promoted as a substitute for the illegal cultivation of coca. To strengthen Colombian cacao farming, it is important to understand the livelihood strategies associated with cacao cultivation and the impact of these different strategies on the well-being of Colombian rural households. We analyzed the impact of cacao cultivation on the livelihood strategies and well-being of rural households in western Colombia. Research with 92 rural cacao-growing households produced a typology of household livelihood strategies derived from their approach to cacao production. Indicators of each household capital and level of well-being were identified for each type of households. Correlations between the capitals and the capitals of greater importance in shaping the well-being of rural households were analyzed. Three types of rural households were identified: Cacao Farmers, Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. Cacao farmers have the highest capitals endowments and level of well-being, followed by Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. The conditions of cacao cultivation in rural households result in differentiated access to resources from capitals; households with better development of the crop have consolidated greater well-being where human capital has been its major driving factor. Success of the cacao crop and its relationship with well-being of rural households depends on the convergence of different capital resources. Thus, institutional efforts to strengthen the cacao sector in Colombia must go beyond investment to establish new hectares and consider aspects such as: (a) Strengthening the skills and knowledge of producers to improve crop management practices (human capital), (b) Promoting the participation of household members in associations (social capital), (c) Stimulating sensitivity to the rooting and sustainable management of the crop (cultural capital), and (d) Promoting processes of technification and adaptation of the infrastructure of fermenters and dryers, which will make it possible to guarantee an adequate quality of the cacao bean (built capital).

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Abbreviations

Wb-I:

Well-being index

HC:

Human capital

NC:

Natural capital

CC:

Cultural capital

BC:

Built capital

SC:

Social capital

PC:

Political capital

FC:

Financial capital

CpCa:

Cacao trainings

FrCpCa:

Frequency of cacao trainings

CIK:

Cacao knowledge

KClCa:

Knowledge of cacao clon

KMPlEn:

Knowledge of pest attack cacao

CJAC:

Charge on board of community action

PJAC:

Participation on board of community action

InICp:

Interaction with training institutions

PAsCa:

Participation in cacao associations

FreMPE:

Control pests-diseases

FrPod:

Pruning cacao

ACP:

Years producing cacao

MPE:

Main activity: cacao

PrAEc:

Main livelihood: cacao cultivate

DAEc:

Diversity of economic activities

IVCa:

Income from sale of cacao

APrC:

Cacao area in production

LPCa:

Total Cacao Lots

KgCHa:

Cacao yield -kg ha−1 year−1

TD:

Distance time urban area-rural home

TecF:

Level of farm technology

TecCa:

Level of cacao technology

TACa:

Cacao area

AMoCa:

Cacao monoculture area

AAgCa:

Cacao agroforestry Area

DEACa:

Cacao accompanying species

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the following collaborators: Ministry of National Education (MEN) and to rural households in the department of Meta that supported the investigation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Agronomía, Doctorado en Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué-Tolima, Colombia

    Héctor Eduardo Hernández-Núñez

  2. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La Amazonia, Programa de Ingeniería Agroecológica. Florencia-Caquetá, Florencia, Colombia

    Héctor Eduardo Hernández-Núñez, Angie Paola Bernal-Núñez, Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez-García & Juan Carlos Suárez

  3. Centro de Investigaciones Amazónicas CIMAZ Macagual César Augusto Estrada González, Grupo de Investigaciones Agroecosistemas y Conservación en Bosques Amazónicos-GAIA, Florencia, Caquetá, Colombia

    Héctor Eduardo Hernández-Núñez, Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez-García & Juan Carlos Suárez

  4. CATIE-Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, 30501, Costa Rica

    Isabel Gutiérrez-Montes & Fernando Casanoves

  5. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Doctorado en Ciencias Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad de La Amazonia, Florencia, Colombia

    Gustavo Adolfo Gutiérrez-García

  6. Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1070, USA

    Cornelia Butler Flora

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Hernández-Núñez, H.E., Gutiérrez-Montes, I., Bernal-Núñez, A.P. et al. Cacao cultivation as a livelihood strategy: contributions to the well-being of Colombian rural households. Agric Hum Values 39, 201–216 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10240-y

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