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Entropy Analysis in Gait Research: Methodological Considerations and Recommendations

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Abstract

The usage of entropy analysis in gait research has grown considerably the last two decades. The present paper reviews the application of different entropy analyses in gait research and provides recommendations for future studies. While single-scale entropy analysis such as approximate and sample entropy can be used to quantify regularity/predictability/probability, they do not capture the structural richness and component entanglement characterized by a complex system operating across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Thus, for quantification of complexity, either multiscale entropy or refined composite multiscale entropy is recommended. For both single- and multiscale-scale entropy analyses, care should be made when selecting the input parameters of tolerance window r, vector length m, time series length N and number of scales. This selection should be based on the proposed research question and the type of data collected and not copied from previous studies. Parameter consistency should be investigated and published along with the main results to ensure transparency and enable comparisons between studies. Furthermore, since the interpretation of the absolute size of both single- and multiscale entropy analyses outcomes is not straightforward, comparisons should always be made with a control condition or group.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the National Institutes of Health (P20 GM109090) and by SPiRE Award #I21RX003294 from the United States (U.S.) Department of Veterans Affairs. The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

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  1. Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive South, Omaha, NE, 68182-0860, USA

    Jennifer M. Yentes

  2. Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien 220, 0806, Oslo, Norway

    Peter C. Raffalt

  3. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark

    Peter C. Raffalt

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Yentes, J.M., Raffalt, P.C. Entropy Analysis in Gait Research: Methodological Considerations and Recommendations. Ann Biomed Eng 49, 979–990 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02616-8

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