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Fatal landslides in Colombia (from historical times to 2020) and their socio-economic impacts

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Abstract

Landslides typify one of the most hazardous natural phenomena fostering economic and even human losses worldwide. Several countries like Colombia, in South America, are hotspots for fatal landslides. In this contribution, we thoroughly reviewed four available databases, articles, grey literature and web resources, in order to build up a new catalogue of fatal landslides in Colombia. We gathered a catalogue of 2351 individual fatal landslides which caused about 37,959 deaths. Of these, we found 11 fatal events in historical times (pre-twentieth century). In modern times (1912–2020), we analysed landslides’ spatial and temporal distribution, finding that in central-western Colombia, particularly in the departments of Caldas, Risaralda, Quindío and Antioquia, these kinds of events are more frequent. Upward trends in these areas and a nationwide increase in the number of events in the last 20 years suggest that fatal landslides are far from being effectively mitigated. Our findings also show a strong correlation between the climate variability phenomenon known as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and fatal landslides, particularly during those years when strong La Niña (cold phase of ENSO) events occur. Despite rainfall being the most common trigger for fatal landslides, we observed an increasing trend in anthropogenically related events in the last decade. Finally, we obtained multiple socio-economic indices and ran a statistical analysis at the departmental level in order to assess whether impoverished and vulnerable people are more affected by fatal landslides. We propose that in most cases, departments with low income, high levels of corruption and inequality are usually more affected.

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Acknowledgements

HGD thanks Jorge Chaparro and Carlos Gamboa for their support in the construction and cross-checking of the catalogue presented in this paper. The supplementary material can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.17632/xbrc8gvby9.1. The scientific content of this contribution improved notably thanks to the comments by Robert Emberson, an anonymous reviewer and the handling editor.

Funding

Financial support was provided by Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia (UPTC), DIN SGI Project 3104.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Helbert Garcia-Delgado

  2. Servicio Geológico Colombiano, Bogota, Colombia

    Helbert Garcia-Delgado

  3. Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK

    David N. Petley

  4. Escuela de Ingeniería Geológica, Universidad Pedagógica Y Tecnológica de Colombia, Sogamoso, Boyacá, Colombia

    Mauricio A. Bermúdez

  5. Department of Earth Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

    Sergio A. Sepúlveda

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HGD: data compilation, analysis, visualisation, writing — original draft preparation; MAB: statistical analysis, review and editing; DP, SS: methodology, review and editing.

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Correspondence to Helbert Garcia-Delgado.

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Garcia-Delgado, H., Petley, D.N., Bermúdez, M.A. et al. Fatal landslides in Colombia (from historical times to 2020) and their socio-economic impacts . Landslides 19, 1689–1716 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01870-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-022-01870-2

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