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Yield Related Traits and Tolerance Indices to Screen Salinity Tolerant Genotypes in Cultivated and Wild Barley

Ertragsbezogene Merkmale und Toleranzindizes zum Screening salztoleranter Genotypen bei Kultur- und Wildgerste

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Abstract

Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors limiting crop production worldwide. To assess salinity stress tolerance of wild (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum L.) and cultivated (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare L.) barley genotypes, a two-year field experiment was carried out. Plant height, days to heading, days to anthesis, days to maturity, spike length, grain yield, and yield components were evaluated under normal and salinity stress conditions. The stress stability index (SSI), tolerance index (TOL), yield index (YI), stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), and yield stability index (YSI) were the tolerance indices used in this study. The results showed significant effects of salinity stress and genotype on the measured and calculated variables. The wild genotypes were less affected by salinity stress than the cultivated ones and thus were far superior for the stability indices for yield (STI and YSI). On the other hand, barley cultivars were superior for yield obtained under normal (Yp) and saline (Ys) conditions, MP, GMP, and TOL. A strong relationship was found between grain yield and three indices (STI, YI, and YSI). Ultimately, cluster and principal component analyses suggested that the implementation of STI and YSI in the screening of the wild genotypes for salinity tolerance results in a more robust determination of the most salinity tolerant genotypes.

Zusammenfassung

Der Salzgehalt ist einer der wichtigsten abiotischen Faktoren, die die Pflanzenproduktion weltweit einschränken. Um die Salinitätstoleranz von Wildgerste (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum L.) und Kulturgerste (H. vulgare ssp. vulgare L.) zu bewerten, wurde ein zweijähriger Feldversuch durchgeführt. Pflanzenhöhe, Tage bis zum Schossen, Tage bis zur Anthese, Tage bis zur Reife, Ährenlänge, Kornertrag und Ertragskomponenten wurden unter normalen und unter Salzstressbedingungen bewertet. Der Stressstabilitätsindex (SSI), der Toleranzindex (TOL), der Ertragsindex (YI), der Stresstoleranzindex (STI), die geometrische mittlere Produktivität (GMP), die mittlere Produktivität (MP) und der Ertragsstabilitätsindex (YSI) waren die in dieser Studie verwendeten Toleranzindizes. Die Ergebnisse zeigten signifikante Auswirkungen von Salinitätsstress und Genotyp auf die gemessenen und berechneten Variablen. Die wilden Genotypen wurden durch den Salzstress weniger beeinträchtigt als die kultivierten und waren daher bei den Stabilitätsindizes für den Ertrag (STI und YSI) weit überlegen. Andererseits waren die kultivierten Gerstensorten überlegen bzgl. der erzielten Erträge unter normalen (Yp) und salzigen (Ys) Bedingungen, MP, GMP und TOL. Es wurde ein enger Zusammenhang zwischen dem Kornertrag und drei Indizes (STI, YI und YSI) festgestellt. Cluster- und Hauptkomponentenanalysen ergaben schließlich, dass die Anwendung von STI und YSI beim Screening von Wildgenotypen auf Salztoleranz zu einer stabileren Bestimmung der salztolerantesten Genotypen führt.

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Abbreviations

DA:

Number of days to anthesis

DH:

Number of days to heading

DM:

Number of days to maturity

GMP:

geometric mean productivity

GW:

1000-grain weight

MP:

mean productivity

NGS:

number of grains per spike

NT:

number of fertile tillers

PC:

principal component

PH:

plant height

SPL:

spike length

SSI:

stress stability index

STI:

stress tolerance index

TOL:

tolerance index

YI:

yield index

Yp:

yield obtained under normal conditions

Ys:

yield obtained under saline conditions

YSI:

yield stability index

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Iran National Science Foundation (INSF grant number 96002328). This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran

    F. Ebrahim, A. Arzani, M. Rahimmalek & S. Rezaei

  2. Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 8415683111, Isfahan, Iran

    M. Rahimmalek

  3. Department of Plant Production Engineering and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, 6715685438, Kermanshah, Iran

    K. Cheghamirza

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  1. F. Ebrahim
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Contributions

AA and KC collected the seeds and contributed significantly to the study design. The experiment was carried out by FE and SR with the supervision of AA and MR. The data were analyzed by FE, who also wrote the paper, with significant inputs from AA, MR and KC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to A. Arzani.

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Conflict of interest

F. Ebrahim, A. Arzani, M. Rahimmalek, S. Rezaei and K. Cheghamirza declare that they have no competing interests.

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Data necessary to reproduce the primary results of this study are included in the Article and its Supplementary Information.

Supplementary Information

1. Supplementary Fig. 1: Description of the collecting sites used in this study.

10343_2022_692_MOESM2_ESM.pdf

2. Supplementary Tables: Description of the barley genotypes (wild and cultivated: Supplementary Tables 1 and 2, respectively) used in this study.

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Ebrahim, F., Arzani, A., Rahimmalek, M. et al. Yield Related Traits and Tolerance Indices to Screen Salinity Tolerant Genotypes in Cultivated and Wild Barley. Gesunde Pflanzen 74, 1099–1108 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-022-00692-5

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