Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Review of GPS collar deployments and performance on nonhuman primates

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Primates Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 05 February 2020

This article has been updated

Abstract

Over the past 20 years, GPS collars have emerged as powerful tools for the study of nonhuman primate (hereafter, "primate") movement ecology. As the size and cost of GPS collars have decreased and performance has improved, it is timely to review the use and success of GPS collar deployments on primates to date. Here we compile data on deployments and performance of GPS collars by brand and examine how these relate to characteristics of the primate species and field contexts in which they were deployed. The compiled results of 179 GPS collar deployments across 17 species by 16 research teams show these technologies can provide advantages, particularly in adding to the quality, quantity, and temporal span of data collection. However, aspects of this technology still require substantial improvement in order to make deployment on many primate species pragmatic economically. In particular, current limitations regarding battery lifespan relative to collar weight, the efficacy of remote drop-off mechanisms, and the ability to remotely retrieve data need to be addressed before the technology is likely to be widely adopted. Moreover, despite the increasing utility of GPS collars in the field, they remain substantially more expensive than VHF collars and tracking via handheld GPS units, and cost considerations of GPS collars may limit sample sizes and thereby the strength of inferences. Still, the overall high quality and quantity of data obtained, combined with the reduced need for on-the-ground tracking by field personnel, may help defray the high equipment cost. We argue that primatologists armed with the information in this review have much to gain from the recent, substantial improvements in GPS collar technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

  • 05 February 2020

    In the original publication of the article, figure 1 was wrongly published as a duplication.

References

  • Anderson A, Heard DJ, Andreu MA, Hostetler ME, Johnson SA (2017) Winter home range and habitat selection of a Rhesus Macaque Group (Macaca mulatta) at Silver Springs State Park C. Florida Scientist 80(4):159–164

    Google Scholar 

  • Bearder SK, Martin RD (1980) The social organization of a nocturnal primate revealed by radio tracking. In: Amlaner CJ, Macdonald DW (eds) Handbook on biotelemetry and radiotracking. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 633–648

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Blackie HM (2010) Comparative performance of three brands of lightweight global positioning system collars. J Wildl Manag 74(8):1911–1916

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnacci F, Boitani L, Powell RA, Boyce MS (2010) Animal ecology meets GPS-based radiotelemetry: a perfect storm of opportunities and challenges. Philosoph Trans R Soc B 365:1550. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell AF, Sussman RW (1994) The value of radio tracking in the study of rainforest Neotropical primates. Am J Primatol 32:291–301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coughlin CE, van Heezik Y (2015) Weighed down by science: do collar-mounted devices affect domestic cat behaviour and movement? Wildl Res 41(7):606–614

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Craighead FC, Craighead J, Cote CE, Buechner HK (1972) Satellite and ground radio tracking of elk. In: Galler S, et al. (eds) Animal orientation and navigation. NASA, Washington, pp 99–111

    Google Scholar 

  • de Ruiter JR (1992) Capturing wild long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Folia Primatol 59:89–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Link A (2013) Evaluating the utility of GPS collars for studies of ranging by large-bodied, arboreal, forest-dwelling primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:112–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Dore KM, Sewell D, Mattenet E, Turner TR (2019) GIS and GPS techniques in an ethnoprimatological investigation of St. Kitts green monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus) crop-foraging behavior. In: Christopher A, Shaffer, Francine D, Jena RH, Nathan PN, Leila P, Spatial analysis in field primatology (ed) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • Dore KM, Gallagher C, Mill A (2015) Preliminary report on the use of GPS/GSM tracking devices to estimate the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) population on the island of St Kitts. Am J Phys Anthropol 156(60):124

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans MN, Guerrero-Sanchez S, Bakar MSA, Kille P, Goossens B (2016) First known satellite collaring of a viverrid species: preliminary performance and implications of GPS tracking Malay civets (Viverra tangalunga). Ecol Res 31(3):475–481

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fedigan LM, Fedigan L, Chapman CA, Glander KE (1988) Spider monkey home ranges: a comparison of radio telemetry and direct observation. Am J Primatol 16:19–29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fooden J (2006) Comparative review of fascicularis-group species of macaques (Primates: Macaca). Field Zool 107:1–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Forin-Wiart MA, Hubert P, Sirguey P, Poulle ML (2015) Performance and accuracy of lightweight and low-cost GPS data loggers according to antenna positions, fix intervals, habitats and animal movements. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0129271

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Toro LC, Link A, Páez-Crespo El J, Stevenson PR (2019) Home range and daily traveled distances of highland Colombian woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagothricha lugens): comparing spatial data from GPS collars and direct follows. In Reyna-Hurtado R, Chapman CA (eds) Movement ecology of Neotropical forest mammals, Springer, Berlin, p 173–193

  • Gursky S (1998) Effects of radio transmitter weight on a small nocturnal primate. Am J Primatol 46:145–155

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gursky S (2000) Sociality in the spectral tarsier, Tarsius spectrum. Am J Primatol 51(1):89–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MF, Ellegaard S, Moeller MM, Nawangsari VA, Groendahl C, van Beest FM, Schmidt NM, Traeholt C, Stelvig M, Fuentes A, Dabelsteen T (2019) Ranging behaviour and habitat use flexibility in provisioned and non-provisioned long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

  • Hebblewhite M, Haydon DT (2010) Distinguishing technology from biology: a critical review of the use of GPS telemetry data in ecology. Phil Trans R Soc B 365:2303–2312

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Henzi SP, Brown LR, Barrett L, Marais AJ (2011) Troop size, habitat use, and diet of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) in commercial pine plantations: implications for management. Int J Primatol 32:1020–1032. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9519-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins ME, Milton K (2016) Adverse effects of ball-chain radio-collars on female mantled howlers (Alouatta palliata) in Panama. Int J Primatol 37(2):213–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Q, Cohen D, Komarzynski S, Li X, Innominato P, Lévi F, Finkenstädt B (2018) Hidden Markov models for monitoring circadian rhythmicity in telemetric activity data. J R Soc Interface 15:20170885

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Humle T, Colin C, Laurans M, Raballand E (2010) Group release of sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Haut Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa: ranging patterns and lessons so far. Int J Primatol 32:456–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humle T, Colin C, Laurans M, Raballand E (2011) Group release of sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Haut Niger National Park Guinea, West Africa: ranging patterns and lessons so far. Int J Primatol 32(2):456–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9482-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Primatological Society (2019). https://www.internationalprimatologicalsociety.org/policy.cfm. Accessed 22 April 2019.

  • Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Crofoot MC, Matsumoto-Oda A, Farine DR (2017) GPS-identified, low-level nocturnal activity of vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) and olive baboons (Papio anubis) in Laikipia Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 164(1):203–211

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isbell LA, Bidner LR, Van Cleave EK, Matsumoto-Oda A, Crofoot MC (2018) GPS-identified vulnerabilities of savannah-woodland primates to leopard predation and their implications for early hominins. J Human Evol 118:1–13. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29606199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Juarez C, Rotundo M, Berg W, Fernandez-Duque E (2011) Costs and benefits of radio-collaring on the behavior, demography, and conservation of owl monkeys (Aotus azarai) in Formosa, Argentina. Int J Primatolol 32:69–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kappeler PM (1991) Patterns of sexual dimorphism in body weight among prosimian primates. Folia Primatol 57:132–146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kays R, Crowfoot MC, Jetz W, Wikelski M (2015) Terrestrial animal tracking as an eye on life and planet. Sci Mag 348:6240

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon M, Streicher U, Pei KJC, Cronin A, van Dien N, van Mui T, van Hien L (2015) Experiences using VHF and VHF/GPS-GSM radio-transmitters on released southern yellow-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus gabriellae) in South Vietnam. Vietnam J Primatol 2(3):15–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Klegarth AR (2017b) Measuring movement: how remote telemetry facilitates our understanding of the human–macaque interface. In: Dore K, Riley E, Fuentes A (eds) Ethnoprimatology: a practical guide to research on the human–nonhuman primate interface, vol 7 Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • Klegarth AR, Hollocher H, Jones-Engel L, Shaw E, Lee BPH, Feeney T, Holmes D, Laguea D, Fuentes A (2017) Urban primate ranging patterns: GPS-collar deployments for Macaca fascicularis and M sylvanus. Am J Primatol 79(5):e22633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klegarth AR Fuentes A, Jones Engel L, Marshall G, Abernathy K (2019) The ethical implications, and practical consequences, of attaching remote telemetry apparatus to macaques. In: Shaffer C, Dolins FL, Porter L, Hickey J, Nibbelink N, (eds) GPS and GIS for primatologists: applications of spatial analysis in primate behavioral Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

  • Koch F, Signer J, Kappeler PM, Fichtel C (2016) The role of the residence-effect on the outcome of intergroup encounters in Verreaux’s sifakas. Sci Rep 6:28457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lord RD Jr, Bellrose FC, Cochran WW (1962) Radiotelemetry of the respiration of a flying duck. Science 137:39–40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.137.3523.39;pmid:17774128

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markham AC, Altmann J (2008) Remote monitoring of primates using automated GPS technology in open habitats. Am J Primatol 70:495–499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markham AC, Guttal V, Alberts SC, Altmann J (2013) When good neighbors don’t need fences: temporal landscape partitioning among baboon social groups. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 67:875–884

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Markham AC, Alberts SC, Altmann J (2015) Haven for the night: sleeping site selection in a wild primate. Behav Ecol 27:29–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews A, Ruykys L, Ellis B, FitzGibbon S, Lunney D, Crowther MS, Glen AS, Purcell B, Moseby K, Stott J, Fletcher D, Wimpenny C, Allen BL, Van Bommel L, Roberts M, Davies N, Green K, Newsome T, Ballard G, Fleming P, Dickma CR, Eberhart A, Troy S, McMahon C, Wiggins N (2013) The success of GPS collar deployments on mammals in Australia. Aust Mammal 35(1):65–83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock BT, Michelot T (2018) Momentuhmm: R package for analysis of telemetry data using generalized multivariate hidden Markov models of animal movement. https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.03786%0Ahttps://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12995.

  • McGregor HW, Legge SM, Jones ME, Johnson CN (2016) GPS collars are more efficient when collecting high-frequency data. Aust Mammal 38:237–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moen R, Pastor J, Cohen Y, Schwartz CC (1996) Effects of moose movement and habitat use on GPS collar performance. J Wildl Manag 60(3):659–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moriarty KM, Epps CW (2015) Retained satellite information influences performance of GPS devices in a forested ecosystem. Wildl Soc Bull 39(2):349–357

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Müller K, Schildger J (1994) Capture and radio-telemetry of masked titi monkeys, Callicebus personatus melanochir. Neotropical Primates 2:7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Parga JA (2011) Nocturnal ranging by a diurnal primate: are ring-tailed lemurs cathemeral? Primates 52:201–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pebsworth PA, Morgan HR, Huffman MA (2012a) Evaluating home range techniques: use of Global Positioning System (GPS) collar data from chacma baboons. Primates 53(4):355–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0307-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pebsworth PA, MacIntosh AJJ, Morgan HR, Huffman MA (2012b) Factors influencing the ranging behavior of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) living in a human-modified habitat. Int J Primatol 33(4):872–887. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-012-9620-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qi XG, Garber PA, Ji W, Huang ZP, Huang K, Zhang P, Guo ST, Wang XW, He G, Zhang P, Li BG (2014) Satellite telemetry and social modeling offer new insights into the origin of primate multilevel society. Nat Commun 5:5296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Recio MR, Mathieu R, Denys P, Sirguey P, Seddon PJ (2011) Lightweight GPS-tags, one giant leap for wildlife tracking? An assessment approach. PLOS One 6(12):28225

    Google Scholar 

  • Ren B, Li M, Long Y, Grüter CC, Wei F (2008) Measuring daily ranging distances of Rhinopithecus bieti via a global positioning system collar at Jinsichang, China: a methodological consideration. Int J Primatol 29:783–794

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segal C (2008) Foraging behaviour and diet in chacma baboons in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve (M.Sc. thesis). University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg

  • Sikes RS (2016) The Animal Care and Use Committee of the American Society of Mammalogists Guidelines of the American Society of Mammalogists for the use of wild mammals in research and education. J Mammal 97(3):663–688

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sprague DS, Kabaya H, Hagihara K (2004) Field testing a global positioning system (GPS) collar on a Japanese monkey: reliability of automatic GPS positioning in a Japanese forest. Primates 45(2):151–154

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Springer A, Mellmann A, Fichtel C, Kappeler PM (2016) Social structure and Escherichia coli sharing in a group-living wild primate, Verreaux's sifaka. BMC Ecol 16:6. https://rdcu.be/6kKy

  • Springer A, Kappeler PM, Nunn CL (2017) Dynamic vs. static social networks in models of parasite transmission: predicting Cryptosporidium spread in wild lemurs. J Anim Ecol 86(3), 419–433.

  • Stark DJ, Vaughan IP, Saldivar DAR, Nathan SK, Goossens B (2017) Evaluating methods for estimating home ranges using GPS collars: a comparison using proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus). PLoS One 12(3):e0174891

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strandburg-Peshkin A, Farine D, Couzin ID, Crofoot MC (2015) Shared decision-making drives collective movement in wild baboons. Science 348(6241):1358–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takenoshita Y, Sprague D, Iwasaki N (2005) Factors affecting success rate and accuracy of GPS collar positioning for free-ranging Japanese macaques. Primate Res 21:107–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thalmann S (2017) Evaluation of a degradable time-release mechanism for telemetry collars. J Austral Mammal Soc 35(2):241–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner TR, Anapol F, Jolly CJ (1997) Growth, development, and sexual dimorphism in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) at four sites in Kenya. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:19–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Funding and permit information for each project has been indicated by each author or set of authors names and are as follows: Dore and Gallagher: Funded by the Christophe Harbour Foundation and Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine (RUSVM). IACUC (#14-6-032) through RUSVM in addition to an IACUC through the Behavioural Science Foundation (#BSF1403) to test collar tolerance on captive vervets. Hansen: Permission was granted by the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and Environment—Department for Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems Dirjen Ir. Wiratno, the Indonesian Ministry of Research and Technology, and Baluran National Park Kepala Balai Ir. Bambang Sukendro. Funding was provided by Innovation Fund Denmark (project no. 5189-00135B). Klegarth, Jones-Engel, and Fuentes: Funding for work in Gibraltar was provided by National Geographic’s Waitt Grant program (W267-13) and the National Institute of Health, Office of Research Infrastructure Program P51 OD010425. Funding for work in Singapore was provided by the National Science Foundation IGERT GLOBES program (#0504495), the National Science Foundation EAPSI Singapore program 2012, the National Geographic Young Explorer’s Grant (9234-12), the US Student Fulbright Program Singapore 2013–2014, and the University of Notre Dame’s Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts. Work was conducted under the University of Notre Dame’s IACUC permits (#14–020, #14-05-1835). Gibraltar collar work was conducted with permission from the Gibraltar Ministry of the Environment (Cortez, Minister of the Environment). Singapore collar work was conducted with permission from the National Parks Board (permit #NP/RP11-029). Fichtel, Koch, Springer, and Kappeler: DFG FI 929/5-1, KA 1082/29-1. Parga: Funding was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC), the American Museum of Natural History, and the Edward John Noble Foundation. This research was approved by the University Animal Care Committee (UACC) at the University of Toronto Scarborough (#20007963 20008486, 20009058, 20009621) and conducted with permission and assistance from the St. Catherines Island Foundation. Humle: This study was conducted through the Chimpanzee Conservation Centre (CCC) with the assistance of CCC expatriate and local staff, as well as volunteers from Projet Primates France (PPF) and Project Primate Inc. (PPI), with financial support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services (USFW) and Fauna and Flora International (FFI). Markham: Funding was provided by American Society of Primatologists (to A.C.M.), Animal Behavior Society (to A.C.M.), International Primatological Society (to A.C.M.), Max Planck Institute of Ornithology (to M. Wikelski), National Institute on Aging (R01AG034513-01 to J.A. and S.C.A.), National Science Foundation (IBN-0322613 to J.A. and S.C.A.; IOS-0919200 to S.C.A.; BCS-0851750 to J.A. and A.C.M.), and Sigma Xi (to A.C.M.). All project protocols complied with regulations in Kenya (Republic of Kenya Research Permits NCST/5/002/R/776 to J.A. and NCST/5/002/R/777 to S.C.A.) and in the USA (Princeton University IACUC 1649). Initials are as follows: J.A.—Jeanne Altmann, S.C.A.—Susan C. Alberts, A.C.M.—A. Catherine Markham. Huang and Qi: Funding was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (#31622053, #31730104), promotional project for innovation team, the Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Prov. China (2018TD-017), and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biodiversity and Conservation in the three parallel rivers region of China, Dali, Yunnan 671003, China. Permission for this research was granted by the Zhouzhi National Nature Reserve (ZNNR). Di Fiore and Link: Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation (BCS 1062540, BCS 1638822), the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, the L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, New York University, and the University of Texas at Austin. Work was conducted under protocols UAWC 05-1250, UAWC 05-1251, UAWC 06-1266, (approved by the NYU University Animal Welfare Committee), AUP-2011-00053, AUP-2011-00157, AUP-2014-00248, AUP-2014-00412, and AUP-2017-00039 (approved by University of Texas at Austin IACUC). Permission for this research was granted by the Ecuadorian Ministry of the Environment. Stark: Funding for this project was provided by the Sime Darby Foundation and Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation (Award PR12-012 and PR14-36). Permission for this research was granted by the Sabah Biodiversity Centre and the Sabah Wildlife Department, and with the support of the Wildlife Rescue Unit, Wildlife Health Unit and Eco-Health Alliance. Tan: Funding for this project was provided by Singapore’s Ministry of Finance. Work was conducted under a permit issued from Singapore’s National Parks Board (NP/RP13-098). Anderson: Research was funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Felburn Foundation. Research permits were provided by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (#01281413), the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (Permit EXOT-13-249), and the University of Florida Animal Ethics Committee (IACUC #201308022). Campbell: Funding was from College of Social and Behavioral Sciences (CSUN). Work was conducted under the California State (Northridge) IACUC (#0910-004a). Pebsworth: This study was funded by Jennifer Giddy, executive director of Wildcliff Nature Reserve and the Wilderness Wildlife Trust. The research was conducted with permission from the Western Cape Nature Conservation Board (also known as Cape Nature; permit #AAA00-00337-0035), and complied with the laws of South Africa pertaining to biological field research and adhered to Kyoto University Primate Research Institute’s guidelines for field research on nonhuman primates (https://www.pri.kyoto-u.ac.jp/research/guide-e2008.html). Sprague: This research was funded by the Wildlife Management Project Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan. Kenyon: Work was conducted with the permission of the Forestry Protection Department of Vietnam.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, One Bear Place, Waco, TX, 76798, USA

    Kerry M. Dore & Paula Pebsworth

  2. Research and Conservation, Copenhagen Zoo, 2000, Frederiksberg C, Denmark

    Malene F. Hansen

  3. Animal Behaviour Group. Section for Ecology and Evolution, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Malene F. Hansen

  4. Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, 230 Raitt Hall, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA

    Amy R. Klegarth & Lisa Jones-Engel

  5. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany

    Claudia Fichtel, Flávia Koch, Andrea Springer & Peter Kappeler

  6. Department of Anthropology, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA

    Joyce A. Parga

  7. Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NR, UK

    Tatyana Humle, Christelle Colin & Estelle Raballand

  8. Institute of Eastern-Himalaya Biodiversity Research, Dali University, Dali, 671003, Yunnan, China

    Zhi-Pang Huang

  9. College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, 710069, Shanxi, China

    Xiao-Guang Qi

  10. Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, Northwest University, Xian, 710069, Shaanxi, China

    Xiao-Guang Qi

  11. Department of Anthropology, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA

    Anthony Di Fiore

  12. Department of Biological Science, University of Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Andrés Link & Pablo R. Stevenson

  13. Danau Girang Field Centre, c/o Sabah Wildlife Department, 88100, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia

    Danica J. Stark

  14. Organisms and Environment Division, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK

    Danica J. Stark

  15. Singapore National Parks Board, Singapore, Singapore

    Noeleen Tan

  16. Department of Biomedical Science, Center for Conservation Medicine and Ecosystem Health, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Indies, Saint Kitts and Nevis

    Christa A. Gallagher

  17. Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    C. Jane Anderson

  18. Department of Anthropology, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA

    Christina J. Campbell

  19. Dao Tien Endangered Primate Species Centre, Tan Phu, Dong Nai Province, Vietnam

    Marina Kenyon

  20. National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore, India

    Paula Pebsworth

  21. National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-3 Kannondai, Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan

    David Sprague

  22. Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, 648 Flanner Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46656, USA

    Agustín Fuentes

Authors
  1. Kerry M. Dore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Malene F. Hansen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Amy R. Klegarth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Claudia Fichtel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Flávia Koch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Andrea Springer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Peter Kappeler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Joyce A. Parga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Tatyana Humle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Christelle Colin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Estelle Raballand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Zhi-Pang Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Xiao-Guang Qi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Anthony Di Fiore
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Pablo R. Stevenson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Danica J. Stark
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Noeleen Tan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Christa A. Gallagher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. C. Jane Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Christina J. Campbell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Marina Kenyon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Paula Pebsworth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. David Sprague
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. Lisa Jones-Engel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Agustín Fuentes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

ARK originally formulated the idea for the paper with AF and LJE as co-supervisors. KMD and MFH took over writing and analysis. All other authors contributed data, with author order determined by the number of collars deployed, with earlier authorship given to those who deployed more collars.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kerry M. Dore.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (XLSX 85 kb)

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dore, K.M., Hansen, M.F., Klegarth, A.R. et al. Review of GPS collar deployments and performance on nonhuman primates. Primates 61, 373–387 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00793-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-020-00793-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation