Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Formation of persistent chlorinated aromatic compounds in simulated and real fly ash from iron ore sintering

  • SPECIAL FEATURE: ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Recent researches on Thermal Treatment and Emission Control (9th i-CIPEC)
  • Published:
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Effects of carbon concentration and Cu additive in simulated fly ash (SFA) and real fly ash (RFA) on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), chlorobenzenes, and polychlorinated biphenyls which were all regarded as persistent chlorinated aromatics in iron ore sintering were investigated. In the annealing process of SFA with various carbon contents, the yield of chlorinated aromatics and the I-TEQ obtained their maximum at 10 wt% carbon content. Active carbon in SFA acted as the carbon source as well as an adsorbent which led to higher production of PCDD/F in solid phase at 10 wt% carbon content. The increase of carbon content will be beneficial on the formation of 2,3,7,8-Chloro-substituted PCDF compared with 2,3,7,8-Chloro-substituted PCDD. In addition, the CuCl2·2H2O was a much more powerful catalyst in the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds compared with elementary Cu, since it served as both a catalyst and a chlorine donor. However, the RFA behaved similarly with SFA with elementary Cu in the formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds. The effect of carbon content and copper additives on formation of 2,3,7,8-chloro-substituted congeners displayed similar characteristics with the tetra- to octa-PCDD/F isomers and even the total PCDD/Fs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Fernandez-Gonzalez R, Yebra-Pimentel I, Martinez-Carballo E, Simal-Gandara J (2015) A critical review about human exposure to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) through foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 55:1590–1617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Liu G, Liu W, Cai Z, Zheng M (2013) Concentrations, profiles, and emission factors of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coking processes. J Hazard Mater 261:421–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sun Y, Liu X, Kainuma M, Wang W, Takaoka M, Takeda N (2015) Dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls by iron and its oxides. Chemosphere 137:78–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Sun Y, Takaoka M, Takeda N, Wang W, Zeng X, Zhu T (2012) Decomposition of 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl with iron supported on an activated carbon from an ion-exchange resin. Chemosphere 88:895–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Olie K, Vermeulen P, Hutzinger O (1977) Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and chlorodibenzofurans are trace components of fly ash and flue gas of some municipal incinerators in the Netherlands. Chemosphere 6:455–459

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Karasek F (1995) An overview of dioxin formation in combustion processes. Organohalogen Compd 23:315–319

    Google Scholar 

  7. Jia H, Song C, Dai Z, Gao B (2008) Formation mechanism and control of dioxins in the process of sintering. Sintering Pellet 33:25–30 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Buekens A, Stieglitz L, Hell K, Huang H, Segers P (2001) Dioxins from thermal and metallurgical processes: recent studies for the iron and steel industry. Chemosphere 42:729–735

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kasai E, Hosotani Y, Kawaguchi T, Nushiro K, Aono T (2001) Effect of additives on the dioxins emissions in the iron ore sintering process. ISIJ Int 41:93–97

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Harjanto S, Kasai E, Terui T, Nakamura T (2002) Behavior of dioxin during thermal remediation in the zone combustion process. Chemosphere 47:687–693

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Nakano M, Hosotani Y, Kasai E (2005) Observation of behavior of dioxins and some relating elements in iron ore sintering bed by quenching pot test. ISIJ Int 45:609–617

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Grandesso E, Gullett B, Touati A, Tabor D (2011) Effect of moisture, charge size, and chlorine concentration on PCDD/F emissions from simulated open burning of forest biomass. Environ Sci Technol 45:3887–3894

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cains PW, McCausland LJ, Fernandes AR, Dyke P (1997) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans formation in incineration: effects of fly ash and carbon source. Environ Sci Technol 31:776–785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Stanmore BR (2004) The formation of dioxins in combustion systems. Combust Flame 136:398–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kawaguchi T, Matsumura M (2002) Method of sinter pot test evaluation for dioxins formation on iron ore sintering. Tetsu to Hagane 88:16–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Iino F, Imagawa T, Takeuchiet M, Sadakata M, Weber R (1999) Formation rates of polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dibenzo-p-dioxins from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, activated carbon and phenol. Chemosphere 39:2749–2756

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Iino F, Imagawa T, Takeuchiet M, Sadakata M (1999) De novo synthesis mechanism of polychlorinated dibenzofurans from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the characteristic isomers of polychlorinated naphthalenes. Environ Sci Technol 33:1038–1043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Ryan SP, Altwicker ER (2000) The formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans from carbon model mixtures containing ferrous chloride. Chemosphere 40:1009–1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Stieglitz L, Zwick G, Beck J, Roth W, Vogg H (1989) On the de-novo synthesis of PCDD/PCDF on fly ash of municipal waste incinerators. Chemosphere 18:1219–1226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Hell K, Stieglitz L, Altwicker ER, Addink R, Will R (2001) Reactions of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol on model fly ash: oxidation to CO and CO2, condensation to PCDD/F and conversion into related compounds. Chemosphere 42:697–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Xhrouet C, Pirard C, De Pauw E (2001) De novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans on fly ash from a sintering process. Environ Sci Technol 35:1616–1623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Takaoka M, Yamamoto T, Shiono A, Takeda N, Oshita K, Matsumoto T, Tanaka T (2005) The effect of copper speciation on the formation of chlorinated aromatics on real municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash. Chemosphere 59:1497–1505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fujimori T, Takaoka M, Takeda N (2009) Influence of Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn chlorides and oxides on formation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in MSWI fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 43:8053–8059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Vogg H, Metzger M, Stieglitz L (1987) Recent findings on the formation and decomposition of PCDD/PCDF in municipal solid waste incineration. Waste Manag Res 5:285–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Matsumura M, Kawaguchi T, Kasai E (2006) Effects of promoting and suppressing materials on dioxin emissions in iron ore sintering process. Proc Asia Steel Int Conf 2006:416–421

    Google Scholar 

  26. Suzuki K, Kasai E, Aono T, Yamazaki H, Kawamoto K (2004) De novo formation characteristics of dioxins in the dry zone of an iron ore sintering bed. Chemosphere 54:97–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Li X, Zhang J, Yan J, Chen T, Lu S, Cen K (2006) Effect of water on catalyzed de novo formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans. J Hazard Mater 137:57–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sun Y, Liu L, Fu X, Zhu T, Buekens A, Yang X, Wang Q (2016) Mechanism of unintentionally produced persistent organic pollutant formation in iron ore sintering. J Hazard Mater 306:41–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Liu H, Zhang Q, Cai Z, Li A, Wang Y, Jiang G (2006) Separation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans in environmental samples using silica gel and florisil fractionation chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 557:314–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Milligan MS, Altwicker E (1993) The relationship between de novo synthesis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and low-temperature carbon gasification in fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 27:1595–1601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Oberg T, Bergback B, Oberg E (2007) Different catalytic effects by copper and chromium on the formation and degradation of chlorinated aromatic compounds in fly ash. Environ Sci Technol 41:3741–3746

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Takaoka M, Fujimori T, Shiono A, Yamamoto T, Takeda N, Oshita K, Uruga T, Sun YF, Tanaka T (2010) Formation of chlorinated aromatics in model fly ashes using various copper compounds. Chemosphere 80:144–149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Fujimori T, Takaoka M (2009) Direct chlorination of carbon by copper chloride in a thermal process. Environ Sci Technol 43:2241–2246

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project Nos. 21277010, 2141101075). We also gratefully acknowledge the funding for this research provided by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Committee (Project No. Z151100001515001).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, China

    Yibo Zhang & Rong Zhu

  2. School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China

    Lina Liu

  3. School of Space and Environment, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China

    Yifei Sun

  4. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, 8 Dayangfang Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100012, China

    Xingbao Gao

  5. Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, MCC Group, Co. Ltd, 33 Xitucheng Road, Beijing, 100088, China

    Yibo Zhang, Jingling Yang, Zhiqiang Han & Hui Wang

Authors
  1. Yibo Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lina Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yifei Sun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Rong Zhu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xingbao Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jingling Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Zhiqiang Han
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Hui Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xingbao Gao.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, Y., Liu, L., Sun, Y. et al. Formation of persistent chlorinated aromatic compounds in simulated and real fly ash from iron ore sintering. J Mater Cycles Waste Manag 19, 1437–1445 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0537-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-016-0537-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation