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Assessment of treatment efficacy using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of urine in rats with kidney transplantation or kidney disease

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Abstract

Background

Individuals who have kidney disease or kidney transplants need routine assessment of their kidney damage and function, which are largely measured based on histological examination of kidney biopsies, blood test, and urinalysis. These methods are practically difficult or inconvenient, and expensive. The objective of this study was to develop a model to estimate the kidney damage and function by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

Methods

Urine samples were collected from two previous studies: renal allograft recipient Lewis rats receiving anti-TGF-β antibody or control antibody treatment and obese diabetic ZSF1 rats with kidney disease fed with whole grape powder-containing chow or control chow. Silver nanoparticle-based SERS spectra of urine were measured. SERS spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) combined with linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and partial least squires (PLS) analysis.

Results

PCA/LDA separated anti-TGF-β antibody-treated group from control group with 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity in kidney transplants, and grape-fed group from controls with 72.7% sensitivity and 60% specificity in diabetic kidneys. The receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the integration area under the curve was 0.850 ± 0.095 (p = 0.008) in kidney transplant groups and 0.800 ± 0.097 (p = 0.02) in diabetic kidney groups. PLS predicted the biochemical parameters of kidney function using the SERS spectra, resulting in R2 = 0.8246 (p < 0.001,urine protein), R2 = 0.8438 (p < 0.001, urine creatinine), R2 = 0.9265 (p < 0.001, urea), R2 = 0.8719 (p < 0.001, serum creatinine), and R2 = 0.6014 (p < 0.001, urine protein to creatinine ratio).

Conclusion

Urine SERS spectral analysis suggesting that it may become a convenient method for rapid assessment of renal impairment.

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Acknowledgements

This work is supported by China Scholarship Council and Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research of Canada.

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Author notes

  1. Shijian Feng and Lan Zhou contributed equally to this paper, and considered as co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, V6H 3Z6, Canada

    Shijian Feng, Lan Zhou, Qiunong Guan, Boyuan Zheng & Caigan Du

  2. Department of Urology (Institute of Reconstructive Urology), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37 Guoxuexiang, Chengdu, 610041, China

    Shijian Feng, Kunjie Wang & Hong Li

  3. Department of Urology, East Hospital, Tongji University, 150 Jimo Rd, Shanghai, 200000, China

    Lan Zhou

  4. College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1 Huatuo Rd, Fuzhou, 350122, China

    Duo Lin

  5. Imaging Unit, Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer Research Center, 675 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, V5Z 1L3, Canada

    Jianhua Zhao & Haishan Zeng

  6. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology for Medicine, Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, No. 32, Shangsan Road, Fuzhou, 350007, China

    Rong Chen

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  1. Shijian Feng
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Correspondence to Haishan Zeng or Caigan Du.

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All the animals used in the study were approved by and passed the ethical standards of University of British Columbia. All the human samples used in the study were approved by and passed the ethical standard of both the University of British Columbia and the West China Hospital, Sichuan University.

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Feng, S., Zhou, L., Lin, D. et al. Assessment of treatment efficacy using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analysis of urine in rats with kidney transplantation or kidney disease. Clin Exp Nephrol 23, 880–889 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-019-01721-w

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