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Evaluation of land subsidence by considering underground structures that penetrate the aquifers of Shanghai, China

Evaluation de la subsidence en considérant les structures constituant les aquifères de Shanghai, Chine

Evaluación de la subsidencia del terreno considerando las estructuras del subsuelo que penetran en los acuíferos de Shanghai, China

上海地区考虑地下构筑物插入含水层的地面沉降评估

Avaliação de subsidência de terrenos considerando estruturas subterrâneas que atravessam os aquíferos de Xangai, China

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Abstract

Underground structures that penetrate into aquifers can cause groundwater-level drawdown and land subsidence. Numerical analyses, based on a three-dimensional (3-D) groundwater flow model incorporated with a 1-D consolidation model, have been conducted to assess the behaviour of seepage and effect on subsidence by considering underground structures in the multi-aquifer–aquitard system of Shanghai, China. Two extreme scenarios were examined: (1) distributed underground structures, and (2) concentrated underground structures around the heavily urbanized area. In the first scenario, the aquifer with underground structures was substituted with another material that possessed a lower hydraulic conductivity, established using the effective-medium theory; when the ratio of the volume of the underground structures to that of selected aquifer layers—(1) low-pressure partially-confined aquifer (Aq02), (2) the first confined aquifer (AqI), and (3) the second confined aquifer (AqII)—increases by 10 %, subsidence increases by about 3, 3 and 32 %, respectively. In the second scenario, part of the aquifer material was directly replaced by the structure material (very low hydraulic conductivity). In this situation, when the ratio of the volume of the underground structure to the volume of aquifers Aq02, AqI or AqII increases by 10 %, subsidence increases by about 5, 8 or 20 %, respectively.

Résumé

Les structures souterraines constituant les aquifères peuvent causer un abaissement des niveaux piézométriques et de la subsidence. Des analyses numériques ont été conduites pour évaluer l’incidence des infiltrations et les effets sur la subsidence en fonction des structures souterraines du système aquifère multicouches de Shanghai, Chine. Elles sont basées sur un modèle tridimensionnel d’écoulements souterrains (3-D) associé à un modèle de consolidation 1-D. Deux scénarios extrêmes ont été examinés: (1) des structures souterraines disséminées; et (2) des structures souterraines concentrées autour de la zone fortement urbanisée. Dans le premier scénario, l’aquifère avec ses structures souterraines est remplacé par un autre milieu qui présente une conductivité hydraulique plus faible, établie sur la base de la théorie du milieu effectif. Lorsque le rapport du volume des structures souterraines à celui des niveaux aquifères sélectionnés augmente de 10 %, la subsidence augmente de 3, 3 et 32 % pour respectivement : (1) l’aquifère partiellement confiné (Aq02) à faible charge; (2) le premier aquifère confiné (AqI); et (3) le second aquifère confiné (AqII). Dans le second scénario, une partie du matériau aquifère est directement remplacé par le milieu de la structure (très basse conductivité hydraulique). Dans cette situation, lorsque le rapport du volume des structures souterraines au volume des aquifères Aq02, AqI et AqII augmente de 10 %, la subsidence augmente respectivement d’environ 5, 8 et 20 %.

Resumen

Las estructuras del subsuelo que penetran en los acuíferos pueden causar una depresión en los niveles de agua subterránea y subsidencia del terreno. Los análisis numéricos, basados en un modelo incorporado de flujo tridimensional (3-D) de agua subterránea con modelo unidimensional (1-D) de consolidación han sido realizados para evaluar el comportamiento de la filtración y los efectos en la subsidencia considerando las estructuras del subsuelo en el sistema multi acuífero – acuitardo de Shanghai, China. Se examinaron dos escenarios extremos: (1) las estructuras de subsuelo distribuidas, y (2) las estructuras del subsuelo concentradas alrededor del área más fuertemente urbanizada. En el primer escenario, el acuífero con estructuras de subsuelo fue sustituido con otro material que poseía una baja conductividad hidráulica, establecido usando la teoría del medio efectivo, cuando el cociente del volumen de las estructuras del subsuelo al de las capas seleccionadas de los acuíferos—(1) acuífero de baja presión parcialmente confinado (Aq02), (2) el primer acuífero confinado (AqI), y (3) el segundo acuífero confinado (AqII)—se aumenta en un 10 %, la subsidencia se incrementa alrededor de un 3, 3 y 32 %, respectivamente. En el segundo escenario, parte del material del acuífero fue directamente reemplazada por el material de la estructura (muy baja conductividad hidráulica). En esta situación, cuando el cociente del volumen de la estructura de subsuelo al volumen del acuífero Aq02, AqI o AqII se incrementa en un 10 %, la subsidencia se incrementa en alrededor de 5, 8 o 20 %, respectivamente.

摘要

位于含水层中的地下构筑物会造成地下水位的下降并引起地面沉降。以上海市含水层与隔水层交互堆积的地层为研究对象,建立三维地下水渗流及一维土体固结相结合的地面沉降计算模型分析地下构筑物对地下水渗流及地面沉降的影响效应。计算中考虑了地下构筑物的两种极端分布方式:1)分布式构筑物,2)集中式构筑物。分布式构筑物情况下,基于等效介质理论将上海中心城区含有大量地下构筑物的含水层简化为渗透系数降低了的新材料。当微承压含水层、第I含水层及第II含水层中的构筑物含量分别增加10%时,中心城区的平均年沉降量增长约3、3和32%;集中式配置构筑物情况下,则将含有构筑物的含水层单元的材质直接替换为构筑物材料。当微承压含水层、第I含水层及第II含水层中的构筑物含量分别增加10%时,中心城区的平均年沉降量增长约5、8及20%。

Resumo

Estruturas subterrâneas integradas em aquíferos podem causar rebaixamentos no nível piezométrico e subsidência nos terrenos. Foram desenvolvidas análises numéricas baseadas em modelos tridimensionais (3-D) do escoamento subterrâneo que incorporam um modelo unidimensional de consolidação para avaliar o comportamento de infiltração e o efeito na subsidência, considerando estruturas subterrâneas no sistema multiaquífero-aquitardo de Xangai, China. Foram analisados dois cenários extremos: (1) um com estruturas subterrâneas distribuídas, e (2) o outro com estruturas subterrâneas concentradas numa área altamente urbanizada. No primeiro cenário o aquífero com estruturas subterrâneas foi substituído por um outro com um tipo de material que possui uma condutividade hidráulica mais reduzida, estabelecida usando a teoria do meio efetivo; quando a razão do volume da estrutura subterrânea com a dos aquíferos selecionados—(1) o aquífero semiconfinado de baixa pressão (Aq02), (2) o primeiro aquífero confinado (AqI), e (3) o segundo aquífero confinado (AqII)—aumenta em 10%, a subsidência aumenta cerca de 3, 3 e 32%, respetivamente. No segundo cenário, parte do material do aquífero foi diretamente substituído por material da estrutura (com muito baixa condutividade hidráulica). Nesta situação, quando a razão do volume da estrutura subterrânea com a dos volumes dos aquíferos Aq02, AqI e AqII aumenta 10%, a subsidência aumenta cerca de 5, 8 e 20%, respetivamente.

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Acknowledgements

The research work described herein was funded by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 41102175 and No. 41072209). This work is a part of the first author’s PhD dissertation and this study was financially supported by Funding of Exceptional PhD dissertation of the Graduate School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. These financial-support establishments are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to express their sincere thanks to the anonymous reviewers and the editors for their detailed constructive comments, which were very helpful in improving the quality of the report.

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  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University and State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China

    Ye-Shuang Xu, Lei Ma & Shui-Long Shen

  2. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 301-A Patton Hall, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA

    Wen-Juan Sun

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  1. Ye-Shuang Xu
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  2. Lei Ma
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Correspondence to Lei Ma or Shui-Long Shen.

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Xu, YS., Ma, L., Shen, SL. et al. Evaluation of land subsidence by considering underground structures that penetrate the aquifers of Shanghai, China. Hydrogeol J 20, 1623–1634 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-012-0892-9

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