Skip to main content
Log in

An improved discriminative region selection methodology for online handwriting recognition

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The task of online handwriting recognition (HR) becomes often challenging due to the presence of confusing characters which are separable by a small region. To address this problem, we propose a “discriminative region (DR) selection” technique which highlights the discriminative region that distinguishes one character from another similar character. The existing DR selection approach for online handwriting often finds spurious DR when the intra-class shape variations become higher than the distinction between DRs of the two characters. The proposed technique which is an improved version of the existing approach can minimize the effect of high intra-class variations and results in robust DR selection. In addition, we propose an online HR system enabling DR-based processing in a single-stage classification framework. The use of hidden Markov model and support vector machine classifiers is explored to develop the HR system. The efficacy of the proposals is shown for character and word recognition tasks and evaluated on three databases: the locally collected Assamese character database, UNIPEN English character database and UNIPEN ICROW-03 word database. The recognition results are promising over the reported works.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Sueiras, J., Ruiz, V., Sanchez, A., Velez, J.F.: Offline continuous handwriting recognition using sequence to sequence neural networks. Neurocomputing 289, 119–128 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chherawala, Y., Roy, P.P., Cheriet, M.: Combination of context-dependent bidirectional long short-term memory classifiers for robust offline handwriting recognition. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 90, 58–64 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Singh, S., Sharma, A., Chhabra, I.: A dominant points-based feature extraction approach to recognize online handwritten strokes. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. (IJDAR) 20(1), 37–58 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zhang, S., Jin, L., Lin, L.: Discovering similar Chinese characters in online handwriting with deep convolutional neural networks. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 19(3), 237–252 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Tagougui, N., Kherallah, M., Alimi, A.M.: Online Arabic handwriting recognition: a survey. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 16(3), 209–226 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Choudhury, H., Prasanna, S.R.M.: Handwriting recognition using sinusoidal model parameters. Pattern Recognit. Lett. (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2018.05.012

  7. Samanta, O., Roy, A., Parui, S.K., Bhattacharya, U.: An HMM framework based on spherical-linear features for online cursive handwriting recognition. Inf. Sci. 441, 133–151 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Bharath, A., Madhvanath, S.: HMM-based lexicon-driven and lexicon-free word recognition for online handwritten Indic scripts. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 34(4), 670–682 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Keysers, D., Deselaers, T., Rowley, H.A., Wang, L.L., Carbune, V.: Multi-language online handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 39(6), 1180–1194 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Graves, A., Liwicki, M., Fernandez, S., Bertolami, R., Bunke, H., Schmidhuber, J.: A novel connectionist system for unconstrained handwriting recognition. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 31(5), 855–868 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Vuurpijl, L., Schomaker, L., Erp, M.: Architectures for detecting and solving conflicts: two-stage classification and support vector classifiers. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 5(4), 213–223 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Bellili, A., Gilloux, M., Gallinari, P.: An MLP-SVM combination architecture for offline handwritten digit recognition. Int. J. Doc. Analy. Recognit. 5(4), 244–252 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Milgram, J., Sabourin, R., Cheriet, M.: Two-stage classification system combining model-based and discriminative approaches. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Vol. 1, pp. 152–155 (2004)

  14. Prevost, L., Oudot, L., Moises, A., Michel-Sendis, C., Milgram, M.: Hybrid generative/discriminative classifier for unconstrained character recognition. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 26(12), 1840–1848 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bhowmik, T., Ghanty, P., Roy, A., Parui, S.: SVM-based hierarchical architectures for handwritten Bangla character recognition. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 12(2), 97–108 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Zanchettin, C., Bezerra, B., Azevedo, W.: A KNN-SVM hybrid model for cursive handwriting recognition. In: Proceedings of International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, pp. 1–8 (2012)

  17. Rahman, A.F.R., Fairhurst, M.C.: Selective partition algorithm for finding regions of maximum pairwise dissimilarity among statistical class models. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 18(7), 605–611 (1997)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Xu, B., Huang, K., Liu, C.L.: Similar handwritten Chinese characters recognition by critical region selection based on average symmetric uncertainty. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 527–532. IEEE (2010)

  19. Leung, K., Leung, C.H.: Recognition of handwritten Chinese characters by critical region analysis. Pattern Recognit. 43(3), 949–961 (2010)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Sundaram, S., Ramakrishnan, A.G.: Performance enhancement of online handwritten Tamil symbol recognition with reevaluation techniques. Pattern Anal. Appl. 17(3), 587–609 (2013)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Ghosh, S., Bora, P.K., Das, S., Chaudhuri, B.B.: Development of an Assamese OCR using Bangla OCR. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 68–73. ACM (2012)

  22. Choudhury, H., Mandal, S., Devnath, S., Prasanna, S.R.M., Sundaram, S.: Comparison of Assamese character recognizer using stroke level and character level engines. In: Proceedings of National Conference on Communications, pp. 1–6 (2015)

  23. Guyon, I., Schomaker, L., Plamondon, R., Liberman, M., Janet, S.: UNIPEN project of online data exchange and recognizer benchmarks. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Pattern Recognition, pp. 29–33 (1994)

  24. Ratzlaff, E.H.: Methods, reports and survey for the comparison of diverse isolated character recognition results on the UNIPEN database. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 623–628 (2003)

  25. Schomaker, L.: The UNIPEN-ICROW-03 benchmark set. http://www.ai.rug.nl/~lambert/unipen/ icdar-03-competition/_README. Accessed 04 Aug 2017 (2003)

  26. Liwicki, M., Bunke, H.: HMM-based online recognition of handwritten whiteboard notes. In: Proceedings of International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, pp. 595–599 (2006)

  27. Jaeger, S., Manke, S., Reichert, J., Waibel, A.: Online handwriting recognition: the NPen++ recognizer. Int. J. Doc. Anal. Recognit. 3(3), 169–180 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Shashikiran, K., Prasad, K., Kunwar, R., Ramakrishnan, A.: Comparison of HMM and SDTW for Tamil handwritten character recognition. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications, pp. 1–4 (2010)

  29. Srihari, S.N., Cha, S.H., Lee, S.: Establishing handwriting individuality using pattern recognition techniques. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 1195–1204 (2001)

  30. Logan, B., Salomon, A.: A music similarity function based on signal analysis. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp. 745–748 (2001)

  31. Maaten, L.V.D., Hinton, G.: Visualizing data using t-SNE. J. Mach. Learn. Res. 9, 2579–2605 (2008)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  32. Kumara, K., Agrawal, R., Bhattacharyya, C.: A large margin approach for writer independent online handwriting classification. Pattern Recognit. Lett. 29(7), 933–937 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Jayech, K., Mahjoub, M.A., Amara, N.E.B.: Synchronous multi-stream hidden markov model for offline Arabic handwriting recognition without explicit segmentation. Neurocomputing 214, 958–971 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Mandal, S., Prasanna, S.R.M., Sundaram, S.: Curvature point based HMM state prediction for online handwritten Assamese strokes recognition. In: Proceedings of National Conference on Communications, pp. 1–6 (2015)

  35. Pradhan, G., Prasanna, S.R.M.: Speaker verification by vowel and nonvowel like segmentation. IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process. 21(4), 854–867 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Bahlmann, C., Burkhardt, H.: The writer independent online handwriting recognition system frog on hand and cluster generative statistical dynamic time warping. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(3), 299–310 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Google: Google books N-grams. http://norvig.com/google-books-common-words.txt. Accessed 04 Aug 2017 (2012)

  38. Rabiner, L.: A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proc. IEEE 77(2), 257–286 (1989)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Prum, S., Visani, M., Fischer, A., Ogier, J.M.: A discriminative approach to online handwriting recognition using bi-character models. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, pp. 364–368 (2013)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Subhasis Mandal.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mandal, S., Prasanna, S.R.M. & Sundaram, S. An improved discriminative region selection methodology for online handwriting recognition. IJDAR 22, 1–14 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-018-0314-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-018-0314-1

Keywords

Navigation