Abstract
Purpose
The operative management of complex ventral hernia poses a formidable challenge, despite recent advances in surgical techniques. Recurrence rates after complex ventral hernia repair remain high, and increase with each failed attempt. This study examines the effect of pre-operative abdominal wall chemical component relaxation using Botulinum Toxin A (BTA) to induce temporary flaccid paralysis in order to facilitate laparoscopic repair of large complex ventral hernia.
Methods
This is a prospective evaluation of 27 patients from January 2013 to August 2015 who underwent ultrasound guided BTA injections to the lateral abdominal wall muscles prior to elective complex ventral hernia repair. Non-contrast serial CT imaging was obtained pre- and post-BTA injection to measure change in fascial defect size and abdominal wall muscle thickness and length. Fascial defects were closed and hernias repaired using laparoscopic or laparoscopic-assisted intra-peritoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) techniques.
Results
27 patients received pre-operative BTA injections which were well tolerated with no complications. Comparison of pre-BTA and post-BTA CT imaging demonstrated a significant increase in mean length of the lateral abdominal wall from 15.7 cm pre-BTA to 19.9 cm post-BTA (p < 0.0001), with mean unstretched length gain of 4.2 cm/side (range 0–11.7 cm/side). All hernias were surgically reduced and repaired with mesh, with no early recurrences.
Conclusion
Pre-operative administration of BTA is a safe and effective technique in the pre-operative preparation of patients undergoing elective complex ventral hernia repair. This technique lengthens and relaxes the laterally retracted abdominal muscles and enables laparoscopic closure of large complex ventral hernia.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Deerenberg EB, Timmermans L, Hogerzeil DP et al (2015) A systematic review of the surgical treatment of large incisional hernia. Hernia 19:89–101. doi:10.1007/s10029-014-1321-x
Fink C, Baumann P, Wente MN et al (2014) Incisional hernia rate 3 years after midline laparotomy. BJS 101:51–54. doi:10.1002/bjs.9364
Uranues S, Salehi B, Bergamaschi R (2008) Adverse events, quality of life, and recurrence rates after laparoscopic adhesiolysis and recurrent incisional hernia mesh repairs in patients with previous failed repairs. J Am Coll Surg 207(5):663–669. doi:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.06.330
Slater NJ, Montgomery A, Berrevoet F et al (2014) Criteria for definition of a complex abdominal wall hernia. Hernia 18:7–17. doi:10.1007/s10029-013-1168-6
Flum DR, Horvath K, Koepsell T (2003) Have outcomes of incisional hernia repair improved with time? A population-based analysis. Ann Surg 237(1):129–135
Heniford BT, Park A, Ramshaw BJ et al (2003) Laparoscopic repair of ventral hernias: 9 years’ experience with 850 consecutive hernias. Ann Surg 238:391–399
Dressler D (2012) Clinical applications of botulinum toxin. Curr Opin Microbiol 15:325–336
Zendejas B, Khasawneh MA, Srvantstyan B et al (2013) Outcomes of chemical component paralysis using botulinum toxin for incisional hernia repairs. World J Surg 37:2830–2837. doi:10.1007/s00268-013-2211-6
Smoot D, Zielinski M, Jenkins D et al (2011) Botox A injection for pain after laparoscopic ventral hernia: a case report. Pain Med 12:1121–1123
Ibarra-Hurtado TR, Nuno-Guzman CM, Miranda-Diaz AG et al (2014) Effect of botulinum toxin type A in lateral abdominal wall muscles thickness and length of patients with midline incisional hernia secondary to open abdomen management. Hernia 18:647–652. doi:10.1007/s10029-014-1280-2
Ibarra-Hurtado TR, Nuno-Guzman CM, Echeagaray-Herrera JE et al (2009) Use of botulinum toxin type A before abdominal wall hernia reconstruction. World J Surg 33:2553–2556. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0203-3
Zielinski MD, Goussous N, Schiller HJ et al (2013) Chemical components separation with Botulinum Toxin A: a novel technique to improve primary fascial closure rates of the open abdomen. Hernia 17:101–107. doi:10.1007/s10029-012-0995-1
Farooque F, Jacombs A, Roussos R et al (2015) Preoperative abdominal muscle elongation with Botulinum Toxin A for complex incisional ventral hernia repair. ANZ J Surg. doi:10.1111/ans.13258
Cakmak M, Caglayan F, Somuncu S et al (2006) Effect of paralysis of the abdominal wall muscles by botulinum A toxin to intraabdominal pressure: an experimental study. J Pediatr Surg 41:821–825. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2005.12.023
Denmark SM, Georgeson KE (1983) Primary closure of gastroschisis. Arch Surg 118:66–68
Ramirez OM, Ruas E, Dellon AL (1990) “Components Separation” method for closure of abdominal-wall defects: an anatomic and clinical study. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:519–526
Rosen MJ, Jin J, McGee MF et al (2007) Laparoscopic component separation in the single-stage treatment of infected abdominal wall prosthetic removal. Hernia 11:435–440
Itatsu K, Yokoyama Y, Sugawara G et al (2014) Incidence and risk factors for incisional hernia after abdominal surgery. BJS 101:1439–1447. doi:10.1002/bjs.9600
Bittner R, Bingener J, Dietz U et al (2014) Guidelines for laparoscopic treatment of ventral and incisional abdominal wall hernias (International Endohernia Society IEHS)––Part 2. Surg Endosc 28:353–379
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
KE, AJ, OR, ME, PC, AZ, TB, DM, CC, NI, declare no conflict of interest. JR declares conflict of interest related to the submitted work as he receives financial remuneration from Medicare as a radiologist. AD declares conflict of interest not directly related to the submitted work in the form of Honorarium from biomedical companies Cook, Synthes, and KCI.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Elstner, K.E., Jacombs, A.S.W., Read, J.W. et al. Laparoscopic repair of complex ventral hernia facilitated by pre-operative chemical component relaxation using Botulinum Toxin A . Hernia 20, 209–219 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-016-1478-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10029-016-1478-6