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Isotopic Evidence that Nitrogen Enrichment Intensifies Nitrogen Losses to the Atmosphere from Subtropical Mangroves

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Abstract

Nitrogen (N) enrichment can have large effects on mangroves’ capacity to provide critical ecosystem services by affecting fundamental functions such as N cycling and primary productivity. However, our understanding of excess N input effects on N cycling in mangroves remains quite limited. To advance our understanding of how N enrichment via water or air pollution affects mangroves, we evaluated whether increasing N inputs would decrease biological N fixation (BNF), but intensify N dynamics and N losses to the atmosphere in these systems. We measured N concentrations in sediment and vegetation, rates of BNF in sediment and litter, and net sediment ammonification and nitrification rates. We also evaluated long-term integrated N dynamics and N losses to the atmosphere using the natural abundance of N stable isotopes (δ15N) in the sediment–plant system and in estuarine water. We performed these analyses at non-N-enriched and N-enriched (that is, polluted) fringe and basin mangroves in southeastern Brazil. The δ15N in the sediment–plant system was higher at N-enriched than non-N-enriched fringe sites, indicating increased N losses to the atmosphere from N-enriched sites. However, N concentrations in sediment and vegetation were similar or lower at N-enriched relative to non-N-enriched sites. BNF and net ammonification and nitrification rates were also similar between N-enriched and non-N-enriched sites. Excess N inputs intensified N losses to the atmosphere from mangroves, but N pools, BNF, and net ammonification and nitrification rates were not affected by N enrichment, likely because excess N was quickly lost from the system by direct denitrification and volatilization.

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Source: Cunha-Lignon and others (2011).

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Acknowledgments

CRGR was supported by the Rufford Foundation (Ref. 20243-1), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) (Processes 1422671 and 88881.132767/2016-01), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (Process 141069/2016-3), and Idea Wild. SCR was supported by the US Geological Survey. We would like to thank the Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio—Brazil) and the Instituto Florestal (Secretaria do Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, Brazil) for the permission to conduct this research in the Cananeia-Iguape-Peruibe Protection Area (Process 47365) and Cardoso Island State Park (Process 260108-012.547/2014), respectively. The authors are also thankful to Pedro Eisenlohr for providing statistical assistance, to Marília Cunha-Lignon for providing the shapefiles of mangrove forests area, and to João Souza for providing the map of the study area. We also thank Ariel Lugo, Maga Gei, and anonymous reviewers whose suggestions significantly improved the manuscript. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US Government.

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  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, 70910-900, Brazil

    Carla R. G. Reis & Gabriela B. Nardoto

  2. U.S. Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, 2290, S.W. Resource Blvd, Moab, Utah, 84532, USA

    Sasha C. Reed

  3. Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 255, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Barão Geraldo, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-862, Brazil

    Rafael S. Oliveira

Authors
  1. Carla R. G. Reis
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  2. Sasha C. Reed
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  3. Rafael S. Oliveira
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  4. Gabriela B. Nardoto
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carla R. G. Reis.

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Author Contributions

CRGR and GBN conceived the ideas; CRGR, SCR, and GBN designed the methodology; CRGR collected and analyzed the data. All authors contributed to discussing the results and writing the manuscript.

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Reis, C.R.G., Reed, S.C., Oliveira, R.S. et al. Isotopic Evidence that Nitrogen Enrichment Intensifies Nitrogen Losses to the Atmosphere from Subtropical Mangroves. Ecosystems 22, 1126–1144 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0327-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-018-0327-0

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