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Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake

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Abstract

Climate forecasts project a global increase in extreme weather events, but information on the consequences for ecosystems is scarce. Of particular significance for lakes are severe storms that can influence biogeochemical processes and biological communities by disrupting the vertical thermal structure during periods of stratification. An exceptional storm passing over northern Germany in July 2011 provided an opportunity to assess the consequences and underlying mechanisms of such extreme events on the interplay between the physics and ecological characteristics of a deep, nutrient-poor lake. Wind speeds were among the most extreme on record. A suite of variables measured throughout the event consistently indicates that a cascade of processes pushed the clear-water lake into an exceptionally turbid state. Specifically, thermocline deepening by the storm-entrained cyanobacteria of a deep chlorophyll maximum located at about 8 m depth into the surface mixed layer. Released from light limitation, intense photosynthesis of the cyanobacteria boosted primary production, increased algal biomass, raised the pH and thus induced massive calcite precipitation to a level never observed within three decades of lake monitoring. As a consequence, water transparency dropped from 6.5 to 2.1 m, the minimum on record for 40 years, and the euphotic zone shrank by about 8 m for several weeks. These results show that cyanobacterial blooms not only are promoted by climate warming, but can also be triggered by extreme storms. Clear-water lakes developing a deep chlorophyll maximum appear to be particularly at risk in the future, if such events become more intense or frequent.

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the excellent support by M. Lenz, U. Mallok, M. Papke, R. Roßberg, M. Sachtleben and the late R. Degebrodt during sample collection and analyses. The German Federal Environmental Agency and the German Meteorological Service kindly provided meteorological data. TS was supported by the Federal Ministry of Research and Education (Project KLIMZUG-INKABB) and GS by the Leibniz Association (Project TemBi). Thanks also go to R. Lathrop for constructive comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We are grateful to W. Mooij and three anonymous reviewers who helped to significantly improve the paper.

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  1. Department of Experimental Limnology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775, Stechlin, Germany

    Peter Kasprzak, Mark O. Gessner, Thomas Gonsiorczyk & Géza Selmeczy

  2. Department of Ecosystem Research, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany

    Tom Shatwell

  3. Department of Ecology, Berlin Institute of Technology (TU Berlin), Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587, Berlin, Germany

    Mark O. Gessner

  4. Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Müggelseedamm 301, 12587, Berlin, Germany

    Georgiy Kirillin & Christof Engelhardt

  5. MTA-PE Limnoecology Research Group, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprem, 8200, Hungary

    Géza Selmeczy & Judit Padisák

  6. Department of Limnology, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, Veszprem, 8200, Hungary

    Judit Padisák

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PK, TS, MOG and GK conceived the study, analysed data and wrote the paper with contributions from the other authors; TG, GS, JP and CE performed research and analysed data.

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Figure 3

Thermal stratification and vertical profiles of water temperature in the south-west basin of Lake Stechlin (see Figure 1) before and after an exceptional storm in July 2011. The expansion of the mixed surface layer is indicated by dotted horizontal lines. (TIFF 59 kb)

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Kasprzak, P., Shatwell, T., Gessner, M.O. et al. Extreme Weather Event Triggers Cascade Towards Extreme Turbidity in a Clear-water Lake. Ecosystems 20, 1407–1420 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-017-0121-4

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