Abstract
Rock and fluid geochemical data from Lahendong, Indonesia, were analyzed to evaluate the influence of fault zones on reservoir properties. It was found that these properties depend on fault-permeability controlled fluid flow.
Results from measurements of spring and well water as well as rocks and their hydraulic properties were combined with hydrochemical numerical modeling. The models show that the geothermal field consists of two geochemically distinct reservoir sections. One section is characterized by acidic water, considerable gas discharge and high geothermal-power productivity—all related to increased fault zone permeability. The other section is characterized by neutral water and lower productivity.
Increased fluid flow in the highly fractured and permeable areas enhances chemical reaction rates. This results in strong alteration of their surrounding rocks. Numerical models of reactions between water and rock at Lahendong indicate the main alteration products are clay minerals. A geochemical conceptual model illustrates the relation between geochemistry and permeability and their distribution within the area.
Our conceptual model illustrates the relation between geochemistry and fault-zone permeability within the Lahendong area. Further mapping of fault-related permeability would support sustainable energy exploitation by avoiding low-productive wells or the production of highly corroding waters, both there and elsewhere in the world.
Zusammenfassung
Die Analyse von geochemischen Daten am Standort Lahendong in Indonesien wird in dieser Studie für die Untersuchung des Einflusses von Störungszonen auf Reservoireigenschaften genutzt. Diese Eigenschaften sind von Grundwasserbewegungen in Störungszonen und deren Permeabilitäten abhängig.
In unserem Ansatz werden die Ergebnisse von physikochemikalischen Messungen an Brunnen und Quellen, Laboruntersuchungen zur Zusammensetzung von Wasser und Gesteinen und deren hydraulische Eigenschaften mit den Resultaten aus hydrochemischen Simulationen kombiniert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das geothermische Feld aus zwei geochemisch unterschiedlichen Reservoirbereichen besteht, wovon eins durch saures Wasser, erhöhte Gasaustritte und höhere Produktionsraten charakterisiert ist und das andere durch neutrale Wässer charakterisiert ist. Durch intensive Grundwasserbewegungen und chemische Reaktionen in Störungszonen, weisen Gesteine vor allem in diesen Bereichen starke Alterationserscheinungen auf. Die chemischen Reaktionen zwischen Wasser und Gestein wurden durch numerische Simulationen abgebildet und zeigen, dass durch die Alterationsprozesse vor allem Tonminerale gebildet werden. Ein konzeptionelles Modell stellt den Zusammenhang zwischen geochemischen Eigenschaften und der Permeabilitätsverteilung im Gebiet dar.
Unser konzeptionelles Modell erklärt den Zusammenhang zwischen Geochemie und Permeabilitäten in Störungszonen in Lahendong. Die Untersuchung von Permeabilitätsverteilungen in geothermischen Reservoiren ist wichtig für eine nachhaltige Nutzung und verhindert das Bohren an unproduktiven Standorten, sowie die Förderung von sauren, aggressiven Wässern in Lahendong und vergleichbaren Standorten.
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the continuous support within the team of the International Centre for Geothermal Research. We thank S. Tonn and K. Günther for fluid-analyses, R. Naumann, A. Gottsche, H. Liep and M. Ospald for geochemical analyses and Dr. F. Bulut for remarks on the manuscript. We would like to thank Dr. H. Milsch, B. Peters and D. Otten for helping at the Gas-Permeameter. Prof. M. Hochstein is greatly acknowledged for continuous fruitful discussions, which made this study possible. M. Andhika supported this work with assisting in communication in Indonesia and continuos discussion on the topic. I am deeply grateful to Prof. P. Malin, who reviewed the manuscript and took care of linguistic issues. Giggenbach-diagrams have been done with the help of an excel-sheet provided by Powell and Cumming (2010).
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Brehme, M., Deon, F., Haase, C. et al. Fault controlled geochemical properties in Lahendong geothermal reservoir Indonesia. Grundwasser 21, 29–41 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00767-015-0313-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00767-015-0313-9