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Variations on a theme: plant autophagy in comparison to yeast and mammals

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Abstract

Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved process of bulk degradation and nutrient sequestration that occurs in all eukaryotic cells. Yet, in recent years, autophagy has also been shown to play a role in the specific degradation of individual proteins or protein aggregates as well as of damaged organelles. The process was initially discovered in yeast and has also been very well studied in mammals and, to a lesser extent, in plants. In this review, we summarize what is known regarding the various functions of autopahgy in plants but also attempt to address some specific issues concerning plant autophagy, such as the insufficient knowledge regarding autophagy in various plant species other than Arabidopsis, the fact that some genes belonging to the core autophagy machinery in various organisms are still missing in plants, the existence of autophagy multigene families in plants and the possible operation of selective autophagy in plants, a study that is still in its infancy. In addition, we point to plant-specific autophagy processes, such as the participation of autophagy during development and germination of the seed, a unique plant organ. Throughout this review, we demonstrate that the use of innovative bioinformatic resources, together with recent biological discoveries (such as the ATG8-interacting motif), should pave the way to a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple functions of plant autophagy.

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Abbreviations

AIM:

ATG8-interacting motif

ATG:

Autophagy

BLAST:

Basic local alignment search tool

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

GABARAP:

GABA receptor-associated protein

GATE-16:

Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa

GFP:

Green fluorescent protein

LC3:

Light chain 3 microtubule-associated protein

LIR:

LC3-interacting region

NBR1:

Neighbor of BRCA1

p62/SQSTM1:

Sequestosome 1

PAS:

Phagophore assembly site

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PI3 kinase:

Phosphoinositide 3 kinase

PI(3)P:

Phosphatidylinositol 3 phosphate

PSV:

Protein storage vacuole

RNAi:

RNA interference

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

TOR:

Target of rapamycin

RT-PCR:

Real-time polymerase chain reaction

RUBISCO:

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

TSPO:

Tryptophan-rich sensory protein

Ub:

Ubiquitin

WIPI:

WD repeat protein-interacting phosphoinositides

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Acknowledgments

We thank the J & R Center for Scientific Research at the Weizmann Institute of Science and the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture for supporting our research on autophagy. GG is the incumbent of the Bronfman Chair of Plant Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

    Tamar Avin-Wittenberg, Arik Honig & Gad Galili

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  1. Tamar Avin-Wittenberg
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  2. Arik Honig
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  3. Gad Galili
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Correspondence to Gad Galili.

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Handling Editor: David Robinson

Avin-Wittenberg and Honig contributed equally to this review.

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Avin-Wittenberg, T., Honig, A. & Galili, G. Variations on a theme: plant autophagy in comparison to yeast and mammals. Protoplasma 249, 285–299 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0296-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00709-011-0296-z

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