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RETRACTED ARTICLE: A hybrid SVM-FFA method for prediction of monthly mean global solar radiation

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This article was retracted on 09 March 2020

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Abstract

In this study, a hybrid support vector machine–firefly optimization algorithm (SVM-FFA) model is proposed to estimate monthly mean horizontal global solar radiation (HGSR). The merit of SVM-FFA is assessed statistically by comparing its performance with three previously used approaches. Using each approach and long-term measured HGSR, three models are calibrated by considering different sets of meteorological parameters measured for Bandar Abbass situated in Iran. It is found that the model (3) utilizing the combination of relative sunshine duration, difference between maximum and minimum temperatures, relative humidity, water vapor pressure, average temperature, and extraterrestrial solar radiation shows superior performance based upon all approaches. Moreover, the extraterrestrial radiation is introduced as a significant parameter to accurately estimate the global solar radiation. The survey results reveal that the developed SVM-FFA approach is greatly capable to provide favorable predictions with significantly higher precision than other examined techniques. For the SVM-FFA (3), the statistical indicators of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), relative root mean square error (RRMSE), and coefficient of determination (R 2) are 3.3252 %, 0.1859 kWh/m2, 3.7350 %, and 0.9737, respectively which according to the RRMSE has an excellent performance. As a more evaluation of SVM-FFA (3), the ratio of estimated to measured values is computed and found that 47 out of 48 months considered as testing data fall between 0.90 and 1.10. Also, by performing a further verification, it is concluded that SVM-FFA (3) offers absolute superiority over the empirical models using relatively similar input parameters. In a nutshell, the hybrid SVM-FFA approach would be considered highly efficient to estimate the HGSR.

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Change history

  • 09 March 2020

    The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article [1] because validity of the content of this article cannot be verified. This article showed evidence of peer review and authorship manipulation.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the University of Malaya for the research grants allocated for this project, i.e. the University of Malaya Research Grant (RP015C-13AET). Special appreciation is also credited to the Malaysian Ministry of Education (MOE) for the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FP053-2013B).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer System & Technology, Faculty of Computer Science & Information Technology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Shahaboddin Shamshirband

  2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran

    Kasra Mohammadi

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Chong Wen Tong

  4. Advanced Informatics School, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Mazdak Zamani

  5. Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences (IOES), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Shervin Motamedi

  6. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITM University, Gurgaon, Haryana, 122017, India

    Sudheer Ch

Authors
  1. Shahaboddin Shamshirband
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  2. Kasra Mohammadi
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  3. Chong Wen Tong
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  4. Mazdak Zamani
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  6. Sudheer Ch
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Correspondence to Shahaboddin Shamshirband.

Additional information

The Editor-in-Chief has retracted this article because validity of the content of this article cannot be verified. This article showed evidence of peer review and authorship manipulation. Shahaboddin Shamshirband disagrees with this retraction. Authors Abdullah Kasra Mohammadi, Chong Wen Tong, Mazdak Zamani, Shervin Motamedi, and Sudheer Ch have not responded to correspondence about this retraction.

Appendix

Appendix

The extraterrestrial solar radiation on a horizontal surface (Ra) is expressed as (Duffie and Beckman 2006; Kalogirou 2009)

$$ {R}_a=\frac{24}{\pi }{G}_{sc}\left(1+0.033 \cos\;\frac{360\kern0.1em {n}_{day}}{365}\right) $$
$$ \times \left( \cos \varphi\;\cos \delta\;\sin {\omega}_s+\frac{\pi {\omega}_s}{180}\; \sin \varphi \sin \delta \right) $$

where Gsc is the solar constant which based upon the new assessments reported by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is assumed equal to 1361.5 W/m2 (www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1) and nday is the average day of each month (Duffie and Beckman 2006). δ and ωs are the daily solar declination and sunset hour angles, respectively, as (Duffie and Beckman 2006)

$$ \delta =23.45\; \sin \left(\frac{\left({n}_{day}+284\right)360}{365}\right) $$
$$ {\omega}_s={ \cos}^{-1}\left(- \tan \varphi\;\tan \delta \right) $$

The maximum possible sunshine duration (N) is (Duffie and Beckman 2006; Kalogirou 2009)

$$ N=\frac{2}{15}{ \cos}^{-1}\left(- \tan \varphi\;\tan \delta \right) $$

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Shamshirband, S., Mohammadi, K., Tong, C.W. et al. RETRACTED ARTICLE: A hybrid SVM-FFA method for prediction of monthly mean global solar radiation. Theor Appl Climatol 125, 53–65 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-015-1482-2

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