Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prediction of Parkinson’s disease subsequent to severe depression: a ten-year follow-up study

  • Neurology and Preclinical Neurological Studies - Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Neural Transmission Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with an increased risk of subsequent Parkinson’s disease (PD) in case–control and cohort studies. However, depression alone is unlikely to be a useful marker of prodromal PD due to its low specificity. In this longitudinal observational study, we assessed whether the presence of other potential markers of prodromal PD predicts the subsequent development of PD in MDD patients. Of 57 patients with severe MDD but no diagnosis of PD who underwent a structured interview, olfactory and motor investigation and transcranial sonography at baseline, 46 (36 women; mean age 54.9 ± 11.7 years) could be followed for up to 11 (median, 10) years. Three patients (2 women; age 64, 65 and 70 years) developed definite PD after 1, 7, and 9 years, respectively. The combined finding of mild asymmetric motor slowing, idiopathic hyposmia, and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity predicted subsequent PD in all patients who could be followed for longer than 1 year. Out of the whole study cohort, only the subjects with subsequent PD presented with the triad of asymmetric motor slowing, idiopathic hyposmia, and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in combination with at least two out of four reportable risk factors (family history of PD, current non-smoker, non-coffee drinker, constipation) at baseline investigation. Post-hoc analysis revealed that additional rating of eye and eye-lid motor abnormalities might further improve the prediction of PD in larger cohorts. Findings of this pilot-study suggest that MDD patients at risk of subsequent PD can be identified using an inexpensive non-invasive diagnostic battery.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR et al (2001) Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 57:456–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso A, Rodríguez LA, Logroscino G, Hernán MA (2009) Use of antidepressants and the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a prospective study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 80:671–674

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Barone P, Antonini A, Colosimo C et al (2009) The PRIAMO study: a multicenter assessment of nonmotor symptoms and their impact on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24:1641–1649

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Becker G, Müller A, Braune S et al (2002) Early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 249(suppl 3):40–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Berg D, Becker G, Zeiler B et al (1999) Vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system as detected by transcranial ultrasound. Neurology 53:1026–1031

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg D, Marek K, Ross GW, Poewe W (2012) Defining at-risk populations for Parkinson’s disease: lessons from ongoing studies. Mov Disord 27:656–665

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg D, Behnke S, Seppi K et al (2013) Enlarged hyperechogenic substantia nigra as a risk marker for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 28:216–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berg D, Postuma RB, Bloem B et al (2014) Time to redefine PD? Introductory statement of the MDS Task Force on the definition of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 29:454–462

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bologna M, Fabbrini G, Marsili L, Defazio G, Thompson PD, Berardelli A (2013) Facial bradykinesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:681–685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busse K, Heilmann R, Kleinschmidt S et al (2012) Value of combined midbrain sonography, olfactory and motor function assessment in the differential diagnosis of early Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 83:441–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Daum RF, Sekinger B, Kobal G, Lang CJ (2000) Olfactory testing with “sniffin’ sticks” for clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease. Nervenarzt 71:643–650

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn S, Elton RL, Members of the UPDRS Development Committee (1987) Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, Goldstein M, Calne DB (eds) Recent developments in Parkinson´s disease II, 1st edn. Macmillan, New York, pp 153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12:189–198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaenslen A, Wurster I, Brockmann K et al (2014) Prodromal features for Parkinson’s disease—baseline data from the TREND study. Eur J Neurol 21:766–772

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibb WR, Lees AJ (1988) The relevance of the Lewy body to the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51:745–752

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 6:278–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassin-Baer S, Sirota P, Korczyn AD et al (2001) Clinical characteristics of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. J Neural Transm 108:1299–1308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hernán MA, Takkouche B, Caamaño-Isorna F, Gestal-Otero JJ (2002) A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 52:276–284

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoeppner J, Prudente-Morrissey L, Herpertz SC, Benecke R, Walter U (2009) Substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in depressive subjects relates to motor asymmetry and impaired word fluency. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 259:92–97

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hummel T, Sekinger B, Wolf SR, Pauli E, Kobal G (1997) ‘Sniffin’ sticks’: olfactory performance assessed by the combined testing of odor identification, odor discrimination and olfactory threshold. Chem Senses 22:39–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Iranzo A, Lomeña F, Stockner H et al (2010) Decreased striatal dopamine transporter uptake and substantia nigra hyperechogenicity as risk markers of synucleinopathy in patients with idiopathic rapid-eye-movement sleep behaviour disorder: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol 9:1070–1077

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishihara-Paul L, Wainwright NW, Khaw KT et al (2008) Prospective association between emotional health and clinical evidence of Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 15:1148–1154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leentjens AF, Van den Akker M, Metsemakers JF, Lousberg R, Verhey FR (2003) Higher incidence of depression preceding the onset of Parkinson’s disease: a register study. Mov Disord 18:414–418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lees AJ, Hardy J, Revesz T (2009) Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 373:2055–2066

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lerche S, Seppi K, Behnke S et al (2014) Risk factors and prodromal markers and the development of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 261:180–187

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liepelt-Scarfone I, Behnke S, Godau J, Schweitzer KJ, Wolf B, Gaenslen A, Berg D (2011) Relation of risk factors and putative premotor markers for Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 118:579–585

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin HL, Lin HC, Chen YH (2014) Psychiatric diseases predated the occurrence of Parkinson disease: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Epidemiol 24:206–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, McNeely HE, Sagrati S et al (2006) Elevated putamen D(2) receptor binding potential in major depression with motor retardation: an [11C]raclopride positron emission tomography study. Am J Psychiatry 163:1594–1602

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murray CJ, Vos T, Lozano R et al (2012) Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380:2197–2223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson FM, Kessing LV, Bolwig TG (2001) Increased risk of developing Parkinson’s disease for patients with major affective disorder: a register study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 104:380–386

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A (2012) Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 72:893–901

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oehme L, Perick M, Beuthien-Baumann B et al (2011) Comparison of dopamine turnover, dopamine influx constant and activity ratio of striatum and occipital brain with 18F-dopa brain PET in normal controls and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 38:1550–1559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan SS, Williams DR, Gallagher DA, Massey LA, Silveira-Moriyama L, Lees AJ (2008) Nonmotor symptoms as presenting complaints in Parkinson’s disease: a clinicopathological study. Mov Disord 23:101–106

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pause BM, Miranda A, Göder R, Aldenhoff JB, Ferstl R (2001) Reduced olfactory performance in patients with major depression. J Psychiatr Res 35:271–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postuma RB, Aarsland D, Barone P, Burn DJ, Hawkes CH, Oertel W, Ziemssen T (2012) Identifying prodromal Parkinson’s disease: pre-motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 27:617–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sobin C, Mayer L, Endicott J (1998) The motor agitation and retardation scale: a scale for the assessment of motor abnormalities in depressed patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 10:85–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava A, Tang MX, Mejia-Santana H et al (2011) The relation between depression and parkin genotype: the CORE-PD study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 17:740–744

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Starkstein SE, Petracca G, Tesón A et al (1996) Catatonia in depression: prevalence, clinical correlates, and validation of a scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 60:326–332

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stern MB, Siderowf A (2010) Parkinson’s at risk syndrome: can Parkinson’s disease be predicted? Mov Disord 25(suppl 1):89–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, Heaton KW, Irvine EJ, Müller-Lissner SA (1999) Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut 45(suppl 2):43–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Todd G, Haberfield M, Faulkner PL et al (2014) Hand function is impaired in healthy older adults at risk of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. doi:10.1007/s00702-014-1218-y

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter U, Hoeppner J, Prudente-Morrissey L, Horowski S, Herpertz SC, Benecke R (2007) Parkinson’s disease-like midbrain sonography abnormalities are frequent in depressive disorders. Brain 130:1799–1807

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walter U, Kleinschmidt S, Rimmele F, Wunderlich C, Gemende I, Benecke R, Busse K (2013) Potential impact of self-perceived prodromal symptoms on the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 260:3077–3085

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Conflict of interest

The authors have no financial interests that relate to research covered in this article.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Uwe Walter, Robert Heilmann, Lara Kaulitz & Reiner Benecke

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Tino Just

  3. Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Bernd Joachim Krause

  4. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany

    Jacqueline Höppner

  5. Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Neurologie, Universitaetsmedizin Rostock, Gehlsheimer Str. 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany

    Uwe Walter

Authors
  1. Uwe Walter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Robert Heilmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lara Kaulitz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tino Just
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Bernd Joachim Krause
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Reiner Benecke
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jacqueline Höppner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Uwe Walter.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Walter, U., Heilmann, R., Kaulitz, L. et al. Prediction of Parkinson’s disease subsequent to severe depression: a ten-year follow-up study. J Neural Transm 122, 789–797 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1313-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1313-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation