Abstract
According to the Seligman theory of learned helplessness, depression is caused by a repetitive experience of loss of control resulting in internal, stable and global attributional styles for negative events. In depressed patients and healthy controls experiencing such events, an increased amplitude of the post-imperative negative variation (PINV) has been described. The aim of the study was to investigate a possible correlation between migraine, depression, learned helplessness and PINV. 24 patients suffering from migraine without aura and 24 healthy controls were exposed to a situation of loss of control whilst the contingent negative variation (CNV) from C3, C4 and Cz were recorded. Before conducting the experiment, the subjects were asked to answer the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the German attributional style questionnaire (GASQ). Amplitudes of total CNV, early and late component and PINV were calculated in eight blocks of four recordings each. The results confirm findings of a pronounced PINV in situations of loss of control, though high amplitudes were not correlated with low values in the GASQ and therefore with learned helplessness. High PINV in migraine patients correlated with high scores in the BDI and the list of the complaints questionnaire. However, this was not the case in healthy controls. In this experimental situation, PINV in migraine patients can be interpreted as an expectancy potential in order to avoid failure and helplessness.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abramson LY, Seligman MEP, Teasdale JD (1978) Learned helplessness in humans: critique and reformulation. J Abnorm Psychol 87:49–74
Böcker KBE, Timsit-Berthier M, Schoenen J, Brunia CHM (1990) Contingent negative variation in migraine. Headache 30:604–609
Brighina F, Palermo A, Fierro B (2009) Cortical inhibition and habituation to evoked potentials: relevance for pathophysiology of migraine. J Headache Pain 10(2):77–84
Casement MD, Shestyuk AY, Best JL, Casas BR, Glezer A, Segundo MA, Deldin PJ (2008) Anticipation of affect in dysthymia: behavioral and neurophysiological indicators. Biol Psychol 77(2):197–204
Delaunoy J, Gerono A, Rousseau JC (1978) Experimental production of post-imperative negative variation in normal subjects. In: Otto DA (ed) Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, pp 355–357
Diener C, Kuehner C, Brusniak W, Struve M, Flor H (2009) Effects of stressor controllability on psychophysiological, cognitive and behavioural responses in patients with major depression and dysthymia. Psychol Med 39(1):77–86
Dongier M (1969) Separation of the various independent phenomena among the slow potential changes (contingent negative variations). Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 27:104–109
Elbert T, Rockstroh B, Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N (1982) Slow brain potentials after withdrawal of control. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 232:201–214
Gauthier P, Gottesmann C (1977) Study of postimperative negativity induction. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 43:534–535
Gerber WD, Kropp P, Schoenen J, Siniatchkin MS (1996) “Born to be wild oder doch gelernt?” Neue verhaltensmedizinische Erkenntnisse zur Ätiopathogenese der Migräne. Verhaltenstherapie 6:210–220
Gerber WD, Schoenen J (1998) Biobehavioral correlates in migraine: the role of hypersensitivity and information-processing dysfunction. Cephalalgia 18(Suppl. 21):5–11
Hautzinger M, Keller F, Kühner C (2006) Beck Depressionsinventar. Deutsche Fassung. Hogrefe, Göttingen
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (2004) International classification of headache disorders, 2nd edn. Cephalalgia 24(Suppl. 1):1–160
Henryk-Gutt R, Rees WL (1973) Psychological aspects of migraine. J Psychosom Res 17(2):141–153
Kathmann N, Jonitz L, Engel RR (1990) Cognitive determinants of the postimperative negative variation. Psychophysiology 27(3):256–263
Knott JR, Tecce JJ (1978) Event-related potentials and psychopathology: a summary of issues and discussion. In: Otto DA (ed) Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potentials research. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, pp 347–354
Kropp P, Gerber WD (1993) Is increased amplitude of contingent negative variation in migraine due to cortical hyperactivity or to reduced habituation? Cephalalgia 13:37–41
Kropp P, Gerber WD (1995) Contingent negative variation during migraine attack and interval: evidence of normalization of slow cortical potentials during the attack. Cephalalgia 15:123–128
Kropp P, Gerber WD (2005) Slow cortical potentials and migraine: predictive value and possible novel therapeutic strategies to prevent an attack. Funct Neurol 20(4):193–197
Kropp P, Kiewitt A, Göbel H, Vetter P, Gerber WD (2000) Reliability and stability of contingent negative variation. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 25(1):33–41
Leijdekkers ML, Passchier J (1990) Prediction of migraine using psychophysiological and personality measures. Headache 30(7):445–453
Loveless N (1979) Event-related slow potentials of the brain as expression of orienting function. In: Kimmel HD, VanOlst EH, Orlebeke J (eds) The orienting reflex in humans. L. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 77–100
Maier SF, Seligman MEP (1976) Learned helplessness: theory and evidence. J Exp Psychol Gen 105(1):3–46
McCallum WC (1979) Cognitive aspects of slow potential changes. In: Desmedt J (ed) Cognitive components in cerebral event-related potentials and selective attention. Karger, Basel, pp 151–171
Merikangas KR, Stevens DE (1997) Comorbidity of migraine and psychiatric disorders. Neurol Clin 15(1):115–123
Metalsky GI, Abramson LY, Seligman MEP, Semmel A, Peterson C (1982) Attributional styles and life events in the classroom: vulnerability and invulnerability to depressive mood reactions. J Pers Soc Psychol 43(3):612–617
Overmier JB, Seligman MEP (1967) Effects of inescapable shock upon subsequent escape and avoidance learning. J Comp Psychol 63:28–33
Peterson C, Semmel A, Metalsky G, Abramson LY, Baeyer C, Seligman MEP (1982) The attributional style questionnaire. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 6:287–300
Rasmussen BK (1993) Migraine and tension-type headache in a general population: precipitating factors, female hormones, sleep pattern and relation to lifestyle. Pain 53(1):65–72
Rockstroh B, Elbert T, Lutzenberger W, Birbaumer N (1979) Slow cortical potentials under conditions of uncontrollability. Psychophysiology 16:374–380
Rockstroh B, Elbert T, Birbaumer N, Lutzenberger W (1982) Slow brain potentials and behavior. U&S, Baltimore, Munich
Seligman MEP (1993) Pessimisten küßt man nicht: Optimismus kann man lernen. Droemersche Verlagsanstalt Th. Knaur Nachf, München
Siniatchkin M, Andrasik F, Kropp P, Niederberger U, Strenge H, Averkina N, Lindner V, Stephani U, Gerber WD (2007) Central mechanisms of controlled-release metoprolol in migraine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephahalgia 27(9):1024–1032
Tecce JJ (1978) CNV rebound function: preliminary report. In: Otto DA (ed) Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research. US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, pp 222–225
Timsit M, Koninck N, Dargent J, Fontaine O, Dongier M (1970) Variations contingentes négatives en psychiatrie. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 28:41–47
Walter WG, Cooper R, Aldridge VJ, McCallum WC, Winter AL (1964) Contingent negative variation: an electric sign of sensorimotor association and expectancy on the human brain. Nature (Lond) 203:380–384
Weinschütz T, Kropp P, Wallasch TM, Müller A, Gerber WD, Soyka D (1993) Depressive state and CNV in migraine patients. Cephalalgia 13(Suppl. 13):226
Zerssen D (1976) Die Beschwerden-Liste. In: Koeller D-M (ed) Klinische Selbstbeurteilungs-Skalen (KSB-S) aus dem Münchner Psychiatrischen Informations-System (PSYCHIS München). Beltz, Weinheim
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kropp, P., Brecht, IB., Niederberger, U. et al. Time-dependent post-imperative negative variation indicates adaptation and problem solving in migraine patients. J Neural Transm 119, 1213–1221 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0843-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-012-0843-6