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Prevalence of wheezing and atopic diseases in Austrian schoolchildren in conjunction with urban, rural or farm residence

Prävalenz von Wheezing und atopischen Erkrankungen bei österreichischen Schulkindern im städtischen, ländlichen oder bäuerlichen Umfeld

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A Correction to this article was published on 26 August 2019

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Summary

Background

A large number of studies have consistently shown that children growing up on a farm have a reduced prevalence of allergic disorders. The GABRIEL Advanced Study was conducted in five rural areas of southern Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Poland to shed light on the protective ‘farm effect’ on asthma and atopic disease. Whereas, the GABRIEL Advanced Study focussed on rural children only, the present study incorporates data from Innsbruck town children also.

Methods

A screening questionnaire was developed to identify children with and without atopic disease within their living environment. Children were stratified into farm children, rural children and Innsbruck-town children. Within the farming environment, regular exposure to the following key factors of interest was predefined: the animal shed, the hay loft and farm milk. Wheezing in the past 12 months (W12), doctor-diagnosed (dd)-asthma, dd-allergic rhinitis and dd-atopic dermatitis were evaluated by using standardized questions from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)

Results

Farm children with regular exposure showed a lower risk for W12 (odds ratios (OR) = 0.3; 95 %; confidence interval (CI) 0.2–0.5), dd-asthma (OR = 0.4; 95 % CI 0.2–0.9) and dd-hay fever (OR 0.2; 95 % CI 0.1–0.4). The protective effect of regular exposure extended to rural children but included W12 and dd-hay fever only. Multivariate logistic regression analysis for children being regularly exposed revealed protective attributes for the animal shed, the hay loft and farm milk.

Conclusion

These data show that regular exposure to a farming environment protects against wheezing, asthma and hay fever. Regarding wheezing and hay fever, this effect was not restricted to children living on a farm but also notable in rural children with regular farm contact.

Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

In den letzten Jahren konnten zahlreiche Studien zeigen, dass Kinder, die am Bauernhof aufwachsen, seltener an atopischen Erkrankungen leiden. Die GABRIEL Advanced Multicenterstudie, durchgeführt in Deutschland, Schweiz, Österreich und Polen, hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt mögliche protektive Faktoren betreffend den „Bauernhof-Effekt“ aufzudecken. Während die GABRIEL Advanced Studie ausschließlich die am Land lebenden Kinder inkludierte, wurden in der vorliegenden Arbeit auch die Daten von Stadtkindern (Innsbruck) in die Analyse mit einbezogen.

Methodik

Mittels Screening-Fragebogen wurden Kinder je nach Lebensraum in Bauernhofkinder, Landkinder und Innsbruck-Stadtkinder stratifiziert und dieser Lebensraum dann mit der Prävalenz atopischer Erkrankungen korreliert. Am Bauernhof wurden als mögliche protektive Faktoren regelmäßiger Kontakt zu Tierstall und/oder Futterscheune (Heustall) und der regelmäßige Konsum von Bauernhofmilch prädefiniert. Die Prävalenz von ärztlich diagnostiziertem (doctor diagnosed=dd) Asthma, dd-allergischer Rhinitis, dd atopischer Dermatitis, als auch Wheezing in den letzten 12 Monaten (W12), wurden mittels standardisiertem ISAAC Fragebogen erhoben.

Ergebnisse

Bauernhofkinder mit regelmäßiger Exposition zu Tierstall, Futterscheune oder regelmäßigem Konsum von Bauernhofmilch hatten ein deutlich geringeres Risiko für W12 (OR = 0,3; 95 % CI 0,2–0,5), dd-Asthma (OR = 0,4; 95 % CI 0,2–0,9) und dd-allergischer Rhinitis (OR 0,2; 95 % CI 0,1–0,4). Der protektive Effekt einer regelmäßigen Exposition erstreckte sich auch auf Landkinder, allerdings beschränkt auf W12 und dd-allergische Rhinits. Auch die multivariate logistische Regressionsanalyse zeigte protektive Attribute für Stall, Scheune als auch für Bauernhofmilch, mit jedoch unterschiedlichem Potential auf die einzelnen Outcomeparameter.

Schlussfolgerung

Die vorliegenden Daten bestätigen, dass regelmäßige Bauernhofexposition im Kindesalter sich protektiv auf Wheezing, Asthma und allergische Rhinits auswirkt. Dieser Effekt zeigte sich nicht nur für die am Bauernhof lebenden Kindern, sondern erstreckte sich auch auf Kinder im ländlichen Umfeld mit regelmäßigem Bauernhofkontakt.

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Change history

  • 26 August 2019

    Correction:

  • 26 August 2019

    Correction:

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the European Commission as part of GABRIEL (a multidisciplinary study to identify the genetic and environmental causes of asthma in the European Community), contract no. 018996 under the Integrated Program LSH-2004-1.2.5-1.

The authors thank all the field workers for their efforts and all teachers and parents in Tyrol/Austria for their study participation.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

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Correspondence to Elisabeth Horak MD, PD.

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Horak, E., Morass, B., Ulmer, H. et al. Prevalence of wheezing and atopic diseases in Austrian schoolchildren in conjunction with urban, rural or farm residence. Wien Klin Wochenschr 126, 532–536 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-014-0571-z

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