Skip to main content
Log in

Tiermodelle und ihre Konsequenzen für die therapie der Migräne

Animal models and their results in relation to the therapy of migraine

  • Übersichten
  • Published:
Der Schmerz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Die Pathophysiologie der Migräne ist bis heute nur bruchstückhaft bekannt, und es existiert kein einheitliches Tiermodell. Dennoch gelang es in den letzten 10 Jahren aufgrund tierexperimenteller Untersuchungen die Wirkorte- und Mechanismen von Medikamenten zur Attackentherapie der Migräne zur charakterisieren. Es gilt inzwischen als gesichert, daß es während der Migräneattacke zu einer Aktivierung des trigeminalen Systems kommt. Das Modell der neurogenen Entzündung durch Stimulation des Ganglion Gasseri oder systemische Applikation von Capsaicin erlaubt die Untersuchung der inhibierenden Interaktion von Migränemitteln mit peripheren trigeminalen Fasern, die während der Migräneattacke durch Freisetzung von vasoaktiven und agogenen Neuropeptiden (Substanz P und CGRP) einen aseptischen Entzündungsprozeß an den Meningen aufrechterhalten. Das Modell der Sinus sagittalis superior Stimulation befaßt sich mit der zentralen Modulation und Transmission von trigeminalen Schmerzreizen im Hirnstamm (Nc. caudalis). So konnte für die Migränemittel Ergotamin, Sumatriptan aber auch Acetylsalicylsäure ein zentraler Angriffspunkt im Hirnstamm demonstriert werden. Als Erklärung für die langsam wandernden neurologischen Reiz- und Ausfalls-symptome während Migräneat-tacken mit Aura wird häufig die—aus tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen bekannte—“corticale spreading depression” angeführt. Ihre Existenz ist beim Menschen bis jetzt weiterhin nicht gesichert. Die obengenannten Modelle ermöglichen schon heute die gezieltere Entwicklung von Migränemitteln und haben wesentlich zu unserem Verständnis über die pathophysiologischen Abläufe während der akuten Migräneattacke beigetragen.

Abstract

Until now, our understanding of migraine pathophysiology has been fairly incomplete. So far no animal model has allowed an explanation of all facets of the clinically heterogenous condition migraine. However, it is now generally accepted that the migraine headache is due to activation of the trigeminal system. The model of neurogenic inflammation after stimulation of the trigeminal ganglion or systemic administration of capsaicin allows study of the inhibitory interactions between antimigraine compounds and peripheral trigeminal fibre terminals that sustain a sterile meningeal inflammation through release of alogenic and vasoactive neuropeptides, such as substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. Studies with the model of superior sagittal sinus stimulation have revealed central actions of antimigraine agents such as ergotamine and sumatriptan, but also acetylsalicylic acid on neurotransmission of trigeminal nociceptive input in the brainstem. A likely explanation for the slowly progressing neurological deficits is cortical spreading depression (CSD), which can easily be elicited in many species. However, CSD has not been observed in vivo in humans. The described models strongly influenced the development of new medications for migraine treatment and have improved our understanding of migraine pathophysiology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Literatur

  1. Avoli M, Drapeau C, Louve J, Pumain R, Olivier A, Villemure JG (1991) Epileptiform activity induced by low extracellular magnesium in the human cortex maintained in vitro. Ann Neurol 30:589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Brändli D, Löffler BM, Bren V, Osterwalder R, Maire JP, Clozel M (in press) Role of endothelin in mediating plasma extravasation in rat dura mater. Pain

  3. Buzzi MG, Moskowitz MA (1989) GR43175, a 5-HT1-like agonist, blocks neurogenic plasma extravasation in dura mater. Cephalalgia 9:27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Buzzi MG, Sakas DE, Moskowitz MA (1989) Indomethacin and acetylsalicylic acid block neurogenic plasma protein extravasation in dura mater. Eur J Pharmacol 165:251

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cutrer FM, Schoenfeld D, Limmroth V, Panahian N, Moskowitz MA (1995) Supression by the sumatriptan analogue, CP 122 288 of c-fos immunoreactivity in trigeminal nucleus caudalis induced by intracisternal capsaicin. Br J Pharmacol 114:987

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Gijsman HJ, May A, Wallnöfer A, Jones CR, Diener HC, Ferrari MD (1995) The endothelin antagonist bosentan is not effective in the acute treatment of migraine. Cephalalgia 15 [Suppl 14]:267

    Google Scholar 

  7. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L (1991) Sumatriptan reverses the changes in calcitonin generelated peptide seen in the headache phase of migraine. Cephalalgia 11 [Suppl 11]:3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R (1988) Release of vasoactive peptides in the extracerebral circulation of man and the can during activation of the trigeminovascular system. Ann Neurol 23:193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R (1989) Extracerebral levels of circulating vasoactive peptides during migraine headache. Cephalalgia 9 [Suppl 10]:292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Goadsby PJ, Hoskin KL (1995) Trigeminal neuronal activity is inhibited by intravenous administration of 311 C90 in the cat. Cephalalgia 15 [Suppl 14]: 106

    Google Scholar 

  11. Goadsby PJ, Kaube H, Hoskin KL (1992) Nitric oxide synthesis couples cerebral blood flow and metabolism. Brain Res 595:167

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hamel E, Fan E, Linville D, Ting V, Villemure JG, Chia LS (1993) Expression of mRNA for the serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamin 1Dβ-receptor subtype in human and bovine cerebral arteries. Mol Pharmacol 44:242

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hardebo JE (1991) Migraine—why and how a cortical excitatory wave may initiate the aura and headache. Headache 31:213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hoskin KL, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ (1995) A comparison of the effect of dihydroergotamine and sumatriptan on c-FOS expression in the trigeminal nucleus of the cat. Cephalalgia 15 [Suppl 14]: 105

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hoskin KL, Kaube H, Goadsby PJ (1994) FOS expression in trigeminal neurons evoked by mechanical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat reduced by sumatriptan. In: Rose FC (ed) Advances in headache research, vol 4. Smith-Gordon, London, p 283

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kaube H, Goadsby PJ (1994) Anti-migraine compounds fail to modulate the propagation of cortical spreading depression. Eur Neurol 34:30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ (1993) Inhibition by sumatriptan of central trigeminal neurons only after blood-brain barrier disruption. Br J Pharmacol 109: 788

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Kaube H, Hoskin KL, Goadsby PJ (1993) Intravenous acetylsalicylic acid inhibits central trigeminal neurons in the dorsal horn of the upper cervical spinal cord in the cat. Headache 33:541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Kaube H, Keay KA, Hoskin KL, Bandler R, Goadsby PJ (1993) Expression of c-FOS-like immunoreactivity in the caudal medulla and upper cervical spinal cord following stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus in the cat. Brain Res 629:95

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lambert GA, Lowy AJ, Boers PM, Angus-Leppan H, Zagami AS (1992) The spinal cord processing of input from the superior sagittal sinus: pathway and modulation by ergot alkaloids. Brain Res 597:321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Leao AAP (1944) Spreading depression of activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 7:359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Limmroth V, Lee WS, Cutrer FM, Waeber C, Moskowitz MA (1995) Progesterone and its ring-A-reduced metabolites suppress dural plasma protein extravasation by activation of peripheral GABA-A receptors. Cephalalgia 15 [Suppl 14]:98

    Google Scholar 

  23. Limmroth V, Lee WS, Moskowitz MA (in press) GABA-A-receptor mediated effects of progesterone, its ringA-reduced metabolites and synthetic neuroactive steroids on neurogenic edema in the rat meninges. Br J Pharmacol

  24. Moskowitz M (1984) The neurobiology of vascular head pain. Ann Neurol 16: 157

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nozaki K, Boccalini P, Moskowitz MA (1992) Expression of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in brainstem after meningeal irritation by blood in the subarachnoid space. Neuroscience 49:669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Olesen J, Larsen B, Lauritzen M (1981) Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rCBF in classic migraine. Ann Neurol 9: 344

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Ray BS, Wolff HG (1940) Experimental studies on headache. Pain sensitive structures of the head and their significance in headache. Arch Surgery 41: 813

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rebeck GW, Maynard KI, Hyman B, Moskowitz MA (1994) Selective 5-HT-1D-alpha receptor gene expression in trigeminal ganglia: Implications for antimigraine drug development. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99:3666

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Saito K, Markowitz S, Moskowitz MA (1988) Ergot alkaloids block neurogenic extravasation in dura mater: Proposed action in vascular headaches. Ann Neurol 24:732

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yu X, Waeber C, Castanon N, Scearce K, Hen R, Macor J, Moskowitz MA (1995) Knock-out mice lacking 5-HT1B receptors: 5-CT and CP-122288, but not sumatriptan or CP93, 129 block dural plasma protein extravasation. Cephalalgia [Suppl 14] 15:59

    Google Scholar 

  31. Zagami AS, Lambert GA, Lance JW (1989) Capsaicin applied to cranial vessels in the cat excites thalamic neurones. Caphalalgia 9 [Suppl 10]:296

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kaube, H., Limmroth, V. Tiermodelle und ihre Konsequenzen für die therapie der Migräne. Schmerz 10, 114–120 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050030

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050030

Schlüsselwörter

Key words

Navigation