Abstract
Purpose
This study tested the hypothesis that hypoxia exacerbates reductions in body mass observed during unloading.
Methods
To discern the separate and combined effects of simulated microgravity and hypoxia, 11 healthy males underwent three 21-day campaigns in a counterbalanced fashion: (1) normoxic bed rest (NBR; FiO2 = 0.209; PiO2 = 133.1 ± 0.3); (2) hypoxic ambulatory confinement (HAMB; FiO2 = 0.141 ± 0.004; PiO2 = 90.0 ± 0.4; ~4,000 m); and (3) hypoxic bed rest (HBR; FiO2 = 0.141 ± 0.004; PiO2 = 90.0 ± 0.4). The same dietary menu was applied in all campaigns. Targeted energy intakes were estimated individually using the Harris–Benedict equation taking into account whether the subjects were bedridden or ambulatory. Body mass and water balance were assessed throughout the campaigns. Whole body and regional body composition was determined before and after the campaigns using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Before and during the campaigns, indirect calorimetry and visual analogue scores were employed to assess the resting energy expenditure (REE) and perceived appetite sensations, respectively.
Results
Energy intakes were lower than targeted in all campaigns (NBR: −5 %; HAMB: −14 %; HBR: −6 %; P < 0.01). Body mass significantly decreased following all campaigns (NBR: −3 %; HAMB: −4 %; HBR: −5 %; P < 0.01). While fat mass was not significantly altered, the whole body fat free mass was reduced (NBR: −4 %; HAMB: −5 %; HBR: −5 %; P < 0.01), secondary to lower limb fat-free mass reduction. Water balance was comparable between the campaigns. No changes were observed in REE and perceived appetite.
Conclusions
Exposure to simulated altitude of ~4,000 m does not seem to worsen the whole body mass and fat-free mass reductions or alter resting energy expenditure and appetite during a 21-day simulated microgravity.
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Abbreviations
- AMS:
-
Acute mountain sickness
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- DXA:
-
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
- FFM:
-
Fat-free mass
- FiO2 :
-
Fraction of inspired O2
- HAMB:
-
Hypoxic ambulatory confinement
- HBR:
-
Hypoxic bed rest
- HR:
-
Heart rate
- LLS:
-
Lake Louise score
- NBR:
-
Normoxic bed rest
- PAL:
-
Physical activity level factor
- PFC:
-
Prospective food consumption
- PiO2 :
-
Partial pressure of inspired O2
- PPO:
-
Peak power output
- REE:
-
Resting energy expenditure
- RER:
-
Respiratory exchange ratio
- SpO2 :
-
Capillary oxyhemoglobin saturation
- VAS:
-
Visual analogue score
- \(\dot{V}_{\text{E}}\) :
-
Minute ventilation
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Acknowledgments
The study was funded by the European Union Programme FP7 (PlanHab project; Grant No. 284438), the European Space Agency (ESA) Programme for European Cooperating States (ESTEC/Contract No. 40001043721/11/NL/KML: Planetary Habitat Simulation), and the Slovene Research Agency (Contract No. L3-3654: Zero and reduced gravity simulation: the effect on the cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems). The authors are indebted to Iva Kumprej, Elaine Woods and Seodhna Murphy for their excellent assistance with the data collection. Last but definitely not least, we would like to acknowledge the devoted participants without whom this study would not have been possible.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Communicated by Klaas R Westerterp.
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Debevec, T., Bali, T.C., Simpson, E.J. et al. Separate and combined effects of 21-day bed rest and hypoxic confinement on body composition. Eur J Appl Physiol 114, 2411–2425 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2963-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-014-2963-1