Abstract
Objective
To develop clinical tools assessing the refluxogenic potential of foods and beverages (F&B) consumed by patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR).
Methods
European experts of the LPR Study group of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federation of Oto-rhino-laryngological societies were invited to identify the components of Western European F&B that would be associated with the development of LPR. Based on the list generated by experts, four authors conducted a systematic review to identify the F&B involved in the development of esophageal sphincter and motility dysfunctions, both mechanisms involved in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease and LPR. Regarding the F&B components and the characteristics identified as important in the development of reflux, experts developed three rational scores for the assessment of the refluxogenic potential of F&B, a dish, or the overall diet of the patient.
Results
Twenty-six European experts participated to the study and identified the following components of F&B as important in the development of LPR: pH; lipid, carbohydrate, protein composition; fiber composition of vegetables; alcohol degree; caffeine/theine composition; and high osmolality of beverage. A total of 72 relevant studies have contributed to identifying the Western European F&B that are highly susceptible to be involved in the development of reflux. The F&B characteristics were considered for developing a Refluxogenic Diet Score (REDS), allowing a categorization of F&B into five categories ranging from 1 (low refluxogenic F&B) to 5 (high refluxogenic F&B). From REDS, experts developed the Refluxogenic Score of a Dish (RESDI) and the Global Refluxogenic Diet Score (GRES), which allow the assessment of the refluxogenic potential of dish and the overall diet of the LPR patient, respectively.
Conclusion
REDS, RESDI and GRES are proposed as objective scores for assessing the refluxogenic potential of F&B composing a dish or the overall diet of LPR patients. Future studies are needed to study the correlation between these scores and the development of LPR according to impedance–pH study.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lechien JR, Akst LM, Hamdan AL et al (2019) Evaluation and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: state of the art review. Otolaryngol Neck Surg Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 160(5):762–782. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599819827488
Koufman JA (1991) The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour pH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the development of laryngeal injury. Laryngoscope 101(4 Pt 2 Suppl 53):1–78
Lechien JR, Bobin F, Muls V et al (2019) Validity and reliability of the reflux symptom score. Laryngoscope. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.28017
Zalvan CH, Hu S, Greenberg B, Geliebter J (2017) A comparison of alkaline water and Mediterranean diet vs proton pump inhibition for treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux. JAMA Otolaryngol Neck Surg 143(10):1023. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2017.1454
Lechien JR, Huet K, Khalife M et al (2019) Alkaline, protein, low-fat and low-acid diet in laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: our experience on 65 patients. Clin Otolaryngol Off J ENT-UK Off J Neth Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Cervico-Facial Surg 44(3):379–384. https://doi.org/10.1111/coa.13269
Koufman JA, Johnston N (2012) Potential benefits of pH 8.8 alkaline drinking water as an adjunct in the treatment of reflux disease. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 121(7):431–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941212100702
Wang AM, Wang G, Huang N et al (2019) Association between laryngopharyngeal reflux disease and autonomic nerve dysfunction. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Neck Surg 276(8):2283–2287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05482-w
Lechien JR, Nandhan Sampath Kumar R, Chiesa-Estomba CM (2019) Laryngopharyngeal reflux and autonomic nerve dysfunction: what about stress? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Neck Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05567-6
Ding H, Duan Z, Yang D et al (2017) High-resolution manometry in patients with and without globus pharyngeus and/or symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux. BMC Gastroenterol 17(1):109. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-017-0666-x
Passaretti S, Mazzoleni G, Vailati C, Testoni PA (2016) Oropharyngeal acid reflux and motility abnormalities of the proximal esophagus. World J Gastroenterol 22(40):8991–8998. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i40.8991
Kaltenbach T, Crockett S, Gerson LB (2006) Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach. Arch Intern Med 166(9):965–971. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.9.965
Koufman JA (2011) Low-acid diet for recalcitrant laryngopharyngeal reflux: Therapeutic benefits and their implications. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 120(5):281–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348941112000501
Lechien JR, Mouawad F, Mortuaire G et al (2019) Awareness of European Otolaryngologists and General Practitioners toward laryngopharyngeal reflux. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489419858090
Fackrell K, Smith H, Colley V et al (2017) Core outcome domains for early phase clinical trials of sound-, psychology-, and pharmacology-based interventions to manage chronic subjective tinnitus in adults: the COMIT’ID study protocol for using a Delphi process and face-to-face meetings to establish consensus. Trials 18(1):388. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-2123-0
Giacchi RJ, Sullivan D, Rothstein SG (2000) Compliance with anti-reflux therapy in patients with otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Laryngoscope 110(1):19–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-200001000-00004
Siupsinskiene N, Adamonis K (2003) Diagnostic test with omeprazole in patients with posterior laryngitis. Med Kaunas Lith 39(1):47–55
Hamdan A, Nassar J, Dowli A, Al Zaghal Z, Sabri A (2012) Effect of fasting on laryngopharyngeal reflux disease in male subjects. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Neck Surg 269(11):2361–2366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-012-2038-z
Chappity P, Kumar R, Deka RC, Chokkalingam V, Saraya A, Sikka K (2014) Proton pump inhibitors versus solitary lifestyle modification in management of laryngopharyngeal reflux and evaluating who is at risk: scenario in a developing country. Clin Med Insights Ear Nose Throat 7:1–5. https://doi.org/10.4137/CMENT.S13799
Nanda MS (2016) Role of adjuvant lifestyle modifications in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux disease in Hilly. Int J Sci Study 3(10):6
Yang J, Dehom S, Sanders S, Murry T, Krishna P, Crawley BK (2018) Treating laryngopharyngeal reflux: evaluation of an anti-reflux program with comparison to medications. Am J Otolaryngol 39(1):50–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2017.10.014
Ciqual Table de composition nutritionnelle des aliments. https://ciqual.anses.fr/. Accessed 30 July 2019
Amazon.fr, Table de composition des aliments, Etude Nutrinet Santé, Belgium. https://www.amazon.fr/Table-composition-aliments-Etude-Nutrinet/dp/2717865373/ref=sr_1_1?hvadid=80814136925022&hvbmt=be&hvdev=c&hvqmt=e&keywords=table+de+composition+des+aliments&qid=1564494275&s=gateway&sr=8-1. Accessed 30 July 2019
Becker DJ, Sinclair J, Castell DO, Wu WC (1989) A comparison of high and low fat meals on postprandial esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol 84(7):782–786
Hills JM, Aaronson PI (1991) The mechanism of action of peppermint oil on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. An analysis using patch clamp electrophysiology and isolated tissue pharmacology in rabbit and guinea pig. Gastroenterology 101(1):55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90459-x
Murphy DW, Castell DO (1988) Chocolate and heartburn: Evidence of increased esophageal acid exposure after chocolate ingestion. Am J Gastroenterol 83(6):633–636
Nebel OT, Castell DO (1972) Lower esophageal sphincter pressure changes after food ingestion. Gastroenterology 63(5):778–783
El-Serag HB, Satia JA, Rabeneck L (2005) Dietary intake and the risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a cross sectional study in volunteers. Gut 54(1):11–17. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.040337
Shapiro M, Green C, Bautista JM et al (2007) Assessment of dietary nutrients that influence perception of intra-oesophageal acid reflux events in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 25(1):93–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03170.x
Pehl C, Waizenhoefer A, Wendl B, Schmidt T, Schepp W, Pfeiffer A (1999) Effect of low and high fat meals on lower esophageal sphincter motility and gastroesophageal reflux in healthy subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 94(5):1192–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1999.01064.x
Colombo P, Mangano M, Bianchi PA, Penagini R (2002) Effect of calories and fat on postprandial gastro-oesophageal reflux. Scand J Gastroenterol 37(1):3–5
Sutphen JL, Dillard VL (1989) Dietary caloric density and osmolality influence gastroesophageal reflux in infants. Gastroenterology 97(3):601–604. https://doi.org/10.5555/uri:pii:0016508589906306
Wright LE, Castell DO (1975) The adverse effect of chocolate on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Am J Dig Dis 20(8):703–707
Fass R, Quan SF, O’Connor GT, Ervin A, Iber C (2005) Predictors of heartburn during sleep in a large prospective cohort study. Chest 127(5):1658–1666. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.127.5.1658
Alrashed AA, Aljammaz KI, Pathan A et al (2019) Prevalence and risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease among Shaqra University students, Saudi Arabia. J Fam Med Prim Care 8(2):462–467. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_443_18
Arivan R, Deepanjali S (2018) Prevalence and risk factors of gastro-esophageal reflux disease among undergraduate medical students from a southern Indian medical school: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes 11(1):448. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3569-1
Hamoui N, Lord RV, Hagen JA, Theisen J, Demeester TR, Crookes PF (2006) Response of the lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distention by carbonated beverages. J Gastrointest Surg Off J Soc Surg Aliment Tract 10(6):870–877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gassur.2005.11.010
Price SF, Smithson KW, Castell DO (1978) Food sensitivity in reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 75(2):240–243
Vossoughinia H, Salari M, Mokhtari Amirmajdi E et al (2014) An epidemiological study of gastroesophageal reflux disease and related risk factors in urban population of Mashhad, Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J 16(12):e15832. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.15832
Thomas FB, Steinbaugh JT, Fromkes JJ, Mekhjian HS, Caldwell JH (1980) Inhibitory effect of coffee on lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Gastroenterology 79(6):1262–1266
Boekema PJ, Samsom M, Smout AJ (1999) Effect of coffee on gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease and healthy controls. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 11(11):1271–1276
Chang C-H, Wu C-P, Wang J-D et al (2017) Alcohol and tea consumption are associated with asymptomatic erosive esophagitis in Taiwanese men. PLoS ONE 12(3):e0173230. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173230
Jarosz M, Taraszewska A (2014) Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: The role of diet. Przeglad Gastroenterol 9(5):297–301. https://doi.org/10.5114/pg.2014.46166
Lee S-W, Lee T-Y, Lien H-C, Yeh H-Z, Chang C-S, Ko C-W (2014) The risk factors and quality of life in patients with overlapping functional dyspepsia or peptic ulcer disease with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gut Liver 8(2):160–164. https://doi.org/10.5009/gnl.2014.8.2.160
Lee S-W, Lee T-Y, Lien H-C, Yeh H-Z, Chang C-S, Ko C-W (2013) Comparison of risk factors and disease severity between old and young patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterol Res 6(3):91–94. https://doi.org/10.4021/gr549w
Niu C-Y, Zhou Y-L, Yan R et al (2012) Incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Uygur and Han Chinese adults in Urumqi. World J Gastroenterol 18(48):7333–7340. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i48.7333
Wei T-Y, Hsueh P-H, Wen S-H, Chen C-L, Wang C-C (2019) The role of tea and coffee in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ci Ji Yi Xue Za Zhi Tzu-Chi Med J 31(3):169–176. https://doi.org/10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_48_18
Cao H, Huang X, Zhi X, Han C, Li L, Li Y (2019) Association between tea consumption and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(4):e14173. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000014173
Pollock BG, Wylie M, Stack JA et al (1999) Inhibition of caffeine metabolism by estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 39(9):936–940
Abernethy DR, Todd EL (1985) Impairment of caffeine clearance by chronic use of low-dose oestrogen-containing oral contraceptives. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 28(4):425–428
Mohammed I, Nightingale P, Trudgill NJ (2005) Risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a community study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 21(7):821–827. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02426.x
Wang J-H, Luo J-Y, Dong L, Gong J, Tong M (2004) Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a general population-based study in Xi’an of Northwest China. World J Gastroenterol 10(11):1647–1651. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v10.i11.1647
O’Leary C, McCarthy J, Humphries M, Shanahan F, Quigley E (2003) The prophylactic use of a proton pump inhibitor before food and alcohol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17(5):683–686
Rosaida MS, Goh K-L (2004) Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, reflux oesophagitis and non-erosive reflux disease in a multiracial Asian population: a prospective, endoscopy based study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16(5):495–501
Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, Hveem K, Lagergren J (2004) Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut 53(12):1730–1735. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.043265
Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Ye W, Hveem K, Lagergren J (2004) Prevalence of gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms and the influence of age and sex. Scand J Gastroenterol 39(11):1040–1045. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520410003498
Stanghellini V (1999) Relationship between upper gastrointestinal symptoms and lifestyle, psychosocial factors and comorbidity in the general population: results from the Domestic/International Gastroenterology Surveillance Study (DIGEST). Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 231:29–37
Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD, Melton LJ (1994) Smoking, alcohol, and analgesics in dyspepsia and among dyspepsia subgroups: lack of an association in a community. Gut 35(5):619–624. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.35.5.619
Pehl C, Wendl B, Pfeiffer A (2006) White wine and beer induce gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 23(11):1581–1586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02922.x
Pehl C, Pfeiffer A, Wendl B, Kaess H (1998) Different effects of white and red wine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure and gastroesophageal reflux. Scand J Gastroenterol 33(2):118–122
Bujanda L (2000) The effects of alcohol consumption upon the gastrointestinal tract. Am J Gastroenterol 95(12):3374–3382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03347.x
Kaufman SE, Kaye MD (1978) Induction of gastro-oesophageal reflux by alcohol. Gut 19(4):336–338. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.19.4.336
Vitale GC, Cheadle WG, Patel B, Sadek SA, Michel ME, Cuschieri A (1987) The effect of alcohol on nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux. JAMA 258(15):2077–2079
Rubinstein E, Hauge C, Sommer P, Mortensen T (1993) Oesophageal and gastric potential difference and pH in healthy volunteers following intake of coca-cola, red wine, and alcohol. Pharmacol Toxicol 72(1):61–65
Grande L, Manterola C, Ros E, Lacima G, Pera C (1997) Effects of red wine on 24-hour esophageal pH and pressures in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 42(6):1189–1193. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1018893721735
Nebel OT, Fornes MF, Castell DO (1976) Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: Incidence and precipitating factors. Am J Dig Dis 21(11):953–956
Choe JW, Joo MK, Kim HJ et al (2017) Foods inducing typical gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in Korea. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 23(3):363–369. https://doi.org/10.5056/jnm16122
Allen ML, Mellow MH, Robinson MG, Orr WC (1990) The effect of raw onions on acid reflux and reflux symptoms. Am J Gastroenterol 85(4):377–380
Kang JY, Tay HH, Guan R (1992) Chronic upper abdominal pain: site and radiation in various structural and functional disorders and the effect of various foods. Gut 33(6):743–748. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.33.6.743
Lim LG, Tay H, Ho KY (2011) Curry induces acid reflux and symptoms in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 56(12):3546–3550. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-011-1799-3
Yeoh KG, Ho KY, Guan R, Kang JY (1995) How does chili cause upper gastrointestinal symptoms? A correlation study with esophageal mucosal sensitivity and esophageal motility. J Clin Gastroenterol 21(2):87–90
Milke P, Diaz A, Valdovinos MA, Moran S (2006) Gastroesophageal reflux in healthy subjects induced by two different species of chilli (Capsicum annum). Dig Dis 24(1–2):184–188. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090323
Alsulobi AM, El-Fetoh NMA, Alenezi SGE et al (2017) Gastroesophageal reflux disease among population of Arar City. North Saudi Arabia Electron Physician 9(10):5499–5505. https://doi.org/10.19082/5499
Kubo A, Block G, Quesenberry CP, Buffler P, Corley DA (2014) Dietary guideline adherence for gastroesophageal reflux disease. BMC Gastroenterol 14:144. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-14-144
Richter JE (2000) Gastroesophageal reflux disease in the older patient: Presentation, treatment, and complications. Am J Gastroenterol 95(2):368–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.t01-1-01791.x
de Bortoli N, Guidi G, Martinucci I et al (2016) Voluntary and controlled weight loss can reduce symptoms and proton pump inhibitor use and dosage in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a comparative study. Dis Esophagus Off J Int Soc Dis Esophagus 29(2):197–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/dote.12319
Saleh K, Eid R, Haddad FG, Khalife-Saleh N, Kourie HR (2018) New developments in the management of head and neck cancer—impact of pembrolizumab. Ther Clin Risk Manag 14:295–303. https://doi.org/10.2147/TCRM.S125059
López-Colombo A, Pacio-Quiterio MS, Jesús-Mejenes LY et al (2017) Risk factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease relapse in primary care patients successfully treated with a proton pump inhibitor. Rev Gastroenterol Mex 82(2):106–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rgmx.2016.09.001
Feldman M, Barnett C (1995) Relationships between the acidity and osmolality of popular beverages and reported postprandial heartburn. Gastroenterology 108(1):125–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)90016-0
Eslami O, Shahraki M, Bahari A, Shahraki T (2017) Dietary habits and obesity indices in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease: a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Gastroenterol 17(1):132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-017-0699-1
Bulat R, Fachnie E, Chauhan U, Chen Y, Tougas G (1999) Lack of effect of spearmint on lower oesophageal sphincter function and acid reflux in healthy volunteers. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 13(6):805–812
Yadegarfar G, Momenyan S, Khoobi M et al (2018) Iranian lifestyle factors affecting reflux disease among healthy people in Qom. Electron Physician 10(4):6718–6724. https://doi.org/10.19082/6718
Artanti D, Hegar B, Kaswandani N et al (2019) The gastroesophageal reflux disease questionnaire in adolescents: what is the best cutoff score? Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 22(4):341–349. https://doi.org/10.5223/pghn.2019.22.4.341
Rees LEN, Pazmany L, Gutowska-Owsiak D et al (2008) The mucosal immune response to laryngopharyngeal reflux. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177(11):1187–1193. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200706-895OC
Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Strugala V, Allen JE, Chan WW (2013) Laryngopharyngeal reflux and GERD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1300:71–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12237
Crookes PF (2006) Physiology of reflux disease: role of the lower esophageal sphincter. Surg Endosc 20(Suppl 2):S462–466. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-006-0039-y
Sidhu AS, Triadafilopoulos G (2008) Neuro-regulation of lower esophageal sphincter function as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol 14(7):985–990. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.14.985
Johnston N, Dettmar PW, Bishwokarma B, Lively MO, Koufman JA (2007) Activity/stability of human pepsin: implications for reflux attributed laryngeal disease. The Laryngoscope 117(6):1036–1039. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLG.0b013e31804154c3
Newberry C, Lynch K (2017) Can we use diet to effectively treat esophageal disease? A review of the current literature. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 19(8):38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11894-017-0578-5
Mone I, Kraja B, Bregu A et al (2016) Adherence to a predominantly Mediterranean diet decreases the risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a cross-sectional study in a South Eastern European population. Dis Esophagus Off J Int Soc Dis Esophagus 29(7):794–800. https://doi.org/10.1111/dote.12384
Delgado-Aros S, Camilleri M, Cremonini F, Ferber I, Stephens D, Burton DD (2004) Contributions of gastric volumes and gastric emptying to meal size and postmeal symptoms in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 127(6):1685–1694. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.09.006
Watanabe Y, Fujiwara Y, Shiba M et al (2003) Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption associated with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in Japanese men. Scand J Gastroenterol 38(8):807–811
Tibbling L, Gibellino FM, Johansson KE (1995) Is mis-swallowing or smoking a cause of respiratory symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? Dysphagia 10(2):113–116
Chattopadhyay DK, Greaney MG, Irvin TT (1977) Effect of cigarette smoking on the lower oesophageal sphincter. Gut 18(10):833–835. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.18.10.833
Pandolfino JE, Bianchi LK, Lee TJ, Hirano I, Kahrilas PJ (2004) Esophagogastric junction morphology predicts susceptibility to exercise-induced reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 99(8):1430–1436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30515.x
Cameron AJ, Lagergren J, Henriksson C, Nyren O, Locke GR, Pedersen NL (2002) Gastroesophageal reflux disease in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Gastroenterology 122(1):55–59. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2002.30301
Mohammed I, Cherkas LF, Riley SA, Spector TD, Trudgill NJ (2003) Genetic influences in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a twin study. Gut 52(8):1085–1089. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.52.8.1085
Acknowledgements
Vesale Grant and IRIS-Recherche Grant for the studies conducted in Brussels over the last year; these studies allowing Dr. Jerome Lechien to propose this consensus paper (Dr. Jerome R. Lechien owns the intellectual properties of diet scores).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lechien, J.R., Bobin, F., Mouawad, F. et al. Development of scores assessing the refluxogenic potential of diet of patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 276, 3389–3404 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05631-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-019-05631-1