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Apple preload increased postprandial insulin sensitivity of a high glycemic rice meal only at breakfast

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Abstract

Purpose

The possible impact of preload food on insulin sensitivity has yet been reported. This study aimed to investigate the glycemic and insulinemic effect of an apple preload before breakfast, lunch and early supper, based on high glycemic index (GI) rice meals.

Methods

Twenty-three healthy participants in Group 1 and 14 participants in Group 2 were served with the reference meal (white rice containing 50 g of available carbohydrate) or experimental meals (apple preload and rice, each containing 15 and 35 g of available carbohydrate). The meals were either served at 8:00 for breakfast, 12:30 for lunch or 17:00 for early supper to explore the possible effect of time factor. The group 1 assessed the postprandial and subsequent-meal glycemic effect of the test meals by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), along with subjective appetite; The group 2 further investigated the glycemic and insulin effect by blood collection.

Results

The apple preload lowered the blood glucose peak value by 33.5%, 31.4% and 31.0% in breakfast, lunch and supper, respectively, while increased insulin sensitivity by 40.5% only at breakfast, compared with the rice reference. The early supper resulted significantly milder glycemic response than its breakfast and lunch counterparts did. The result of CGM tests was consistent with that of the fingertip blood tests.

Conclusion

Apple preload performed the best at breakfast in terms of enhancing the insulin sensitivity. The preload treatment could effectively attenuate postprandial GR without increasing the area under insulin response curve in any of the three meals.

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Data availability

After publication, all data necessary to understand and assess the conclusions of the manuscript are available to any reader of the European Journal of Nutrition.

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Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank all the volunteers who participated for their time and corporation.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China

    Wenqi Zhao, Zhenyang Liu, Zhihong Fan, Yixue Wu, Xinling Lou, Anshu Liu & Xuejiao Lu

  2. College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China

    Zhihong Fan

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  1. Wenqi Zhao
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  2. Zhenyang Liu
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Contributions

ZF and WZ formulated the research question. ZF, WZ and ZL designed the study. WZ, ZL, YW, AL, XL and XL carried out the research. WZ and ZL analyzed the data. WZ wrote the original draft and ZF revised the article.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhihong Fan.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of China Agricultural University (ethics number CAUHR-2021011) and registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR2100050541) on August 28th.

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Zhao, W., Liu, Z., Fan, Z. et al. Apple preload increased postprandial insulin sensitivity of a high glycemic rice meal only at breakfast. Eur J Nutr 62, 1427–1439 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03079-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-022-03079-4

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